国家起源的理论

千百年来,国家起源一直是伟大哲学家和思想家们关注的一个话题,从亚里士多德、孟德斯鸠、霍布斯、卢梭、弗格森、孔德到摩尔根、马恩和列宁,都有过经典性的系统论述。时至今日,在新资料、新方法、新技术的支持下,在吸收过去理论成就的基础上,国家起源更成为当今国际学术界的三大课题(人类起源、农业起源和国家文明起源)之一,并且产生了很多既有实证性又有理论性的研究成果。卡内罗在这篇经典文章中,对当今各种理论流派做了比较详细的概括总结。就他自身而言,是持强制论或者说战争论的观点,认为战争是国家兴起的主要动力。他甚至认为,世界各地的历史学和考古学证据都毫无二致地证明战争是早期国家形成的根本原因,战争以这样或那样的形式在国家兴起中起到了决定性作用。当然,他也认为,战争并非国家起源的唯一因素。尽管战争可能是国家兴起的必要条件,但却不是充分条件。国家的兴起还需要一些特殊条件,经过一些具体的过程,例如自然的限制、社会的限制、资源的集中、政治的演化等等。卡内罗的战争论虽然是一家之言,但由于它对历史的继承和现实的尊重而有巨大的合理性,对包括中国在内的国家文明起源研究有重大影响,而且今后仍然有十分积极的意义。本文写作于1970年,从时间上看观点已显陈旧,但是作为国家起源理论的一种重要流派,仍然值得介绍和回顾。     

“裸国”印象

在华南、东南亚、太平洋土著先民的装饰艺术中,拔牙、断发、文身、草编衣、树皮布、织珠贝、裸体跣足等是几项最外显的、特殊的文化因素。对于裸体跣足,学界讨论不多。本文拟钩沉汉文史籍和考古资料中越、濮土著“裸以为俗”的历史记忆,比较台湾“番族”及东南亚、太平洋上南岛语族民族志上冬夏不衣的“裸体”习俗,拼凑上古华南“裸国”印象。     

德意志之名:德国国名的起源与国号的演变

现代德语中,德国国名"Deutschland"一词起源于中世纪早期日耳曼民族语言的名称"theodiscus""diutisk"等词,具有语言、民族、地理和政治等多个层面的含义。国号中通常会包含国名的地理或民族因素,但长期以来,德国特殊的政治体制和政治形态导致中世纪时期大部分德国国号与自身的地理和民族名称相分离。直到1871年,"德意志"(Deutsch)才成为德国国号的主要部分; 1949年,"德国"(Deutschland)才成为国号的组成部分。德国的国号根据历代统治者政治理念的改变而不断变化。通过考察德国国名的起源与国号的演变,可以更为深刻地理解德国历史的特殊性和延续性。     

蜀国与西南民族

自古以来,我国西南地区民族人口众多,民族成份复杂,民族分布面广,民族活动能量强、社会影响大。三国时期,立国于西南之蜀国与西南民族的关系极为密切,对西南民族地区社会历史的影响广泛而深远。本文在阐述蜀国建立的基础上,着重论述了其境内的民族成份及诸葛亮平南中的事件,并对(?)人的族属和平南中的时间作了进一步的探研。     

Hockney Country

This paper reviews David Hockney RA, A Bigger Picture, an exhibition held at the Royal Academy in London, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the Museum Ludwig in Cologne in 2012–3, and the associated catalogue and DVD. Geographical and historical questions, of region and space, movement and dwelling, are evident in Hockney's work in a variety of genres, in portraiture and theatre design as well as more recent excursions into landscape. Particular attention is paid to Hockney's paintings of the Yorkshire Wolds.     

An Undiscovered Victorian Institution of Care: A Short Introduction to the Cumberland and Westmorland Joint Lunatic Asylum

Interest surrounding the Victorian county asylum network and its treatment of mental illness has been, and still remains, somewhat substantial. This article will add to, and expand, the existing literature by redressing the geographical imbalance of previous institutional research. Asylum histories have centred upon establishments in prominent towns and cities, and on those with an importance to the evolution of the psychiatry profession, for example the York Retreat. Apart from the examinations of Lancashire and Yorkshire asylums, little exists in the far North of England. This article will specifically use the records of the Cumberland and Westmorland Joint Lunatic Asylum to show the experience of pauper patients from a rural, Northern locality. Particular attention will be paid to the circulation of patients in and out of the asylum to build a comprehensive picture of the nineteenth-century transferral of care. To fully understand the treatment of mental health in this period, one cannot solely look at the asylum, as it formed only one part of a whole system of care.     

The Effectiveness of Policy Conditionality: Eight Country Experiences

This article analyses the effectiveness of the setting of policy conditions in exchange for aid. Given the emerging consensus that this process is not effective, this article focuses on explaining why not. In analysing the experiences of eight countries — Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia — an ‘augmented’ principal–agent framework proved valuable in explaining why policy conditionality is not effective in these countries. The article concludes that donors should focus on some simple policy outcomes (ex post) instead of extensive policy conditions (ex ante).     

Mothers and others in Edna O'Brien's The Country Girls

This essay responds to critical assertions that the absence of functional maternity in Edna O'Brien's famous 1960 novel The Country Girls reflects O'Brien's frustration with the cloying myth of ‘Ireland-as-motherland’. While I agree that O'Brien centrally considers the imbrication of femininity with nationality in a culturally conservative post-independence Ireland and enumerates the devastating lived effects of this discourse on Irish women, I argue that The Country Girls offers a potentially productive step beyond lamentation or complaint: namely, a nascent transnational poetics. I contend that the novel hinges on a character heretofore neglected by the criticism – Caithleen Brady's Austrian landlady, Joanna – and suggest that O'Brien slyly positions Joanna as Caithleen's potential surrogate mother, framing a ‘foreigner’ as a source of subversive family ties. Joanna's presence, I believe, indicates an effort on O'Brien's part to negotiate a political response to both gendered oppression and literary parochialism (the much-remarked climate of censorship that marked the newly independent Ireland's intellectual culture): the notion that community and security might be transformatively relocated in strategic ‘translocal’ networks rather than within the confines of the nation-state. Joanna signifies O'Brien's look beyond Mother Ireland – a desire to open the country to both global feminisms and transnational textualities.     

我国统一多民族国家的形成和发展

我国统一多民族国家的形成和发展是我国历史上的重要问题,但长期以来却由于一些理论上的问题没有正确认识而未能很好展开研究。我国各族加入我国统一多民族国家不是自古如此,而是有一个过程、时间,有早有晚,方式也各不相同,而以各族和我国中央皇朝建立政治上的臣属依附关系作为加入之始。多民族国家在民族结构。社会结构上必然是多元一体。多民族国家按其本身发展规律而产生阶段性．形成中国这一多民族国家历史的分期。     

美国《年度国别人权报告》与人权外交

《年度国别人权报告》是由美国国务院和人道事务局编写,以美国国会名义发表的官方正式文件,极具权威性,为世人注目。然而目前国内对这一课题还没有进行深入研究。因此本文对《年度国别人权报告》的产生、发展及其作用进行历史的考察,以揭示美国人权外交的内幕和实质。     

"三个代表"与党的执政现代化

党的十六大报告把“三个代表”重要思想与党的执政问题紧密地联系在一起,从而为党的执政现代化提供了科学的思想指导,这是因为,“三个代表”重要思想揭示了中国共产党执政纲领,执政组织,执政方式现代化的要求。不断推进党的执政现代化,当前应注意以下三个方面：一是要确立现代执政理念;二是要重新设计和配置现代执政权力体系;三是要按照政治明要求强化党的执政功能。     

对我国经济"三大悖论"现象的认识

2002年我国经济增长虽然达到了8％的增幅,但也出现了物价持续走低、下岗失业人数增加、股市低速的问题。也就是人们所说的高经济增长与股市低速的悖论、高经济增长与物价持续下降的悖论、高经济增长与高失业率并存的悖论。作探讨了产生这三大悖论的深层次的原因,并提出了一些改革建议。     

我国风险投资业的发展障碍与对策

风险投资在现代经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用,我国高新技术产业的发展迫切需要风险投资来推动。目前我国的风险投资业还处于摸索、哺育阶段,它在发展过程中面临着一系列的障碍。针对存在问题,借鉴国外经验,章就如何发展我国的风险投资提出了一些对策思路。