A Review of Cultural Heritage Education in Turkish Schools (1962–2011)

Abstract

Cultural heritage preservation has formed a key component of Turkish Social Studies instruction since the curriculum first was introduced in the 1960s. In this article, we trace changes over time in the way cultural heritage has been presented to students in Turkey. For this study, Turkish Social Studies textbooks for fourth through seventh graders (ages 9–10 to 12–13) published from 1974 to 2011 were examined, including both their texts and illustrations concerning cultural heritage and the closely related topic of tourism. Over nearly four decades, the textbook presentation of cultural heritage has shifte­d from a national focus to a focus on world cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. The textbooks illustrate the high value placed on monuments and artwork that demonstrate the accomplishments and progress of Anatolian civilizations, specifically, the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks. Notably, the textbooks emphasize the economic value of monuments and sites for tourism revenues.     

Heritage management at the local level: rhetoric and results in the case of Gaziantep,Turkey

Following international trends, Turkey has recently introduced decentralisation reforms to its highly centralised public administration system. These reforms have also applied to the cultural heritage sector, where innovative laws since 2004 have allowed local administrations and private actors to play new entrepreneurial roles. The Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality has been a pioneer in this process, promoting policies that promote cultural tourism as an engine of economic growth. Under its leadership, hundreds of historic buildings have been restored, nine new museums and heritage sites opened, and museum visitors increased tenfold. These positive results make Gaziantep an interesting case of successful decentralisation in heritage management. Despite these successes, however, the disconnection between rhetoric and results, and the fragmentation and ambiguity of responsibilities emerging from the decentralisation process raises serious questions about its sustainability and replicability.     

Heritage,Identity and Tourism in Hong Kong

Once a part of the Chinese Empire, Hong Kong then became a British colony and changed its status again in 1997 to that of a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The implications of this history for heritage and cultural identity are discussed with particular reference to their representation and promotion as tourist attractions. Hong Kong is seen to be using its unique heritage in a time of transition and uncertainty to assist in defining a distinct identity that is partly expressed through tourism. There are, however, certain potential conflicts of meaning and interpretation amongst the interested parties that have still to be resolved. The experience of Hong Kong provides an insight into the dynamics of the relationship between identity, heritage and tourism that are especially complex within the context of decolonisation.     

非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品的路径研究——以大型天然溶洞实景舞台剧《夷水丽川》为例

近年来非物质文化遗产的保护与旅游开发问题倍受各方关注.以<印象·刘三姐>为代表的大型实景舞台剧成为非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品的重要栽体形式,带来了巨大的市场效应.基于恩施腾龙洞<夷水丽川>实景舞台剧的实践表明,大型实景舞台剧确实为非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品提供了重要的载体形式,也是非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品的成功路径.同时,这种转型必须遵从非物质文化遗产的原真性,必须与天然物质景观交融呼应,才有可持续发展的活力.     

我国世界遗产地的旅游研究进展及展望

"遗产旅游"作为一种世界观现象已经成为人类求取与外部世界高度和谐的有效形式之一,成为高质量回归自然、回归历史的必然性的社会生活组成部分。文章综述了我国世界遗产地旅游研究的现状,提出在以后的研究中应加强我国世界遗产地的旅游发展理论、旅游价值分析与开发模式、旅游发展中的利益相关者、旅游营销、利用信息技术保护遗产资源、旅游研究的定量系统动力学模型等方面的研究。     

Aspects of Archaeological Heritage in the Cultural Landscapes of Western Anatolia

Throughout the course of time, environments built within landscapes have been transformed into conserved archaeological heritage sites through natural, but mostly anthropogenic, forces. Today, cultural heritage is the product of visual and spatial features of architectural material and landscapes created through conservation, but also through social and economical needs and interests. In Western Anatolia, archaeological heritage sites with ecologically rich areas, countryside, coastlines and seascapes are the most essential visual, spatial and structural features of cultural (historical) landscapes. Moreover, western Anatolian landscapes have retained their authentic character regarding intangible cultural diversity, ecology, rural traditional systems and agricultural practices. However, rapid changes and developments due to urbanisation and mass tourism have made their impacts on cultural historical landscapes in recent years. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the cultural heritage within the evolution of cultural archaeological landscapes in Western Anatolia and to propose a sustainable approach for development and conservation options for cultural heritage and their landscapes.     

文化遗产和旅游的可持续发展

旅游业给遗产保护与遗产地管理带来了机遇与挑战。旅游业对维护文化和自然遗产价值,对社会、当地群众及非物质文化遗产均有影响,也给当地遗产设施发展与保护带来机遇。联合国教科文组织始终致力于文化与自然遗产的保护与弘扬工作,开创有前瞻性的旅游业,承认文化多样性原则,强调旅游业在促进遗产保护等方面的有效作用。其创意城市网络主推的"善行旅游",严格遵循原真性与完整性的原则,通过对世界文化遗产、纪念碑、历史建筑、国家公园、博物馆等各类景区定期评估,提升公众关于新旅游产品及旅客稀少遗址的意识,提升参观者体验感受等多种行动,改善人群福利,保护自然和文化遗产,促进经济和社会发展,从而有利于文化遗产保护与旅游业可持续发展。     

基于文化意象视角的宗教遗产地旅游文化内涵挖掘——以五台山为例

随着旅游体验方式转变,挖掘文化内涵为游客塑造高峰旅游体验成为必然趋势。中国是一个宗教旅游资源丰富的大国,宗教遗产旅游作为一种具有深刻文化内涵的专项旅游产品,文化内涵的挖掘和传承是开发的核心。但目前宗教遗产地普遍存在着遗产文化内涵展示不足,深厚的文化内涵和较高的审美价值未能为游客所感知。凝练遗产旅游地的文化意象,将其"活化","可视化"成为必然。以佛教文化为主的宗教旅游成为五台山旅游的根本,"文殊五台,智慧舞台"的文化意象成为五台山宗教遗产地的主题统领。五台山佛教文化遗产地的文化内涵挖掘必须在此主题下展开和进行。     

廊道遗产:概念、理论源流与价值判断

进入21世纪以来,我国跨区域大型遗产越来越受到社会各界的关注,这种现象的背后隐含着深刻的社会文化背景。为了深入剖析大型遗产热的深层原因,笔者在美国遗产廊道和欧洲文化线路的理论基础上,对两者进行中国化的理论解读后,提出廊道遗产概念。本文在理清廊道遗产两条理论源流的基础上,深度挖掘廊道遗产文化价值,解析其政治、经济、教育三种衍生功能,以说明廊道遗产的现代价值体现是中华民族文化复兴的重要部分,是中华民族伟大复兴在遗产和文物保护领域的具体体现。廊道遗产的合理保护与开发利用关乎中华民族的复兴大业。     

International Heritage Tourism in Rwanda: Paving Over the Past at the Musanze Caves

Through a case study of the Musanze Caves, this paper describes the impact of Rwanda’s heritage tourism industry on archaeological resources. The paper outlines Rwanda’s tourism industry and describes how it privileges ‘natural heritage’ above ‘cultural heritage’, a situation which is negatively impacting upon archaeological sites such as the Musanze Caves. To create the Musanze Caves tourism experience there has been significant non-archaeological excavation and construction in the caves, which has damaged regionally significant archaeological remains that date from 1000 CE to the present. Furthermore, the Musanze Caves tourism experience does not incorporate extant archaeological information into the presented narrative, which is instead based on ‘natural heritage’ and adventure tourism. This situation is damaging rare resources that might help construct new historical narratives to replace untenable colonial and pre-genocide ones, and is generally unhelpful in communicating the knowledge that we do have about the region’s history.     

论旅游立法中非物质文化遗产保护的完善

随着旅游业的繁荣和世界各国对非物质文化遗产保护的重视,在旅游过程中如何促进作为重要旅游资源的非物质文化遗产的保护,实现旅游与非物质文化遗产保护的双赢与互动显得尤为重要。非物质文化遗产与旅游契合于文化性。在依法治国的背景下,以旅游法为载体,通过旅游法的体系化实现对非物质文化遗产的保护是可行而科学的。我国应通过制定旅游基本法、行政法规与部门规章、省级地方旅游法规等法律,实现对非物质文化遗产从宏观到微观多方位的保护。     

近十年国外文化遗产旅游研究动态及趋势——基于《Annals of Tourism Research》与《Tourism Management》相关文章的述评

文化遗产旅游是国外旅游研究的热点领域之一。为了掌握国外近十年的研究动态与趋势,本文通过检索2001-2010年期间国际公认的两大旅游研究权威期刊《Annals of Tourism Research》与《Tourism Management》上发表的文化遗产旅游的相关文献,分别从文化遗产旅游者研究、文化遗产旅游目的地研究、文化遗产旅游开发与管理研究、文化遗产旅游解说与原真性研究四方面进行了分类与述评,发现国外近十年来主要集中于原真性与旅游者研究,普遍采用案例研究与模型构建,注重定性研究与定量研究相结合,多学科渗透与融合趋势明显;认为未来的工作应在坚持文化遗产旅游可持续发展的同时融合绿色理念与低碳发展观,注重实践基础之上的理论创新,并加强对濒危文化遗产的研究。     

国际法对文化遗产旅游利用认识的演进

文化遗产保护的国际法是文化遗产保护和利用的基本依据.本文通过梳理近百年来国际法中关于旅游利用方面的内容,揭示了国际法对旅游利用的认识与态度的变化趋势.本文认为,国际法对文化遗产旅游利用的认识与态度的重要转变主要体现在3个方面,即：从对环境影响的关注到对经济社会文化影响的关注;从对遗产的原真性与完整性保护需要的关注到对社区发展与游客精神体验需要的关注;从对待旅游利用被动、消极的态度到主动、积极的态度.我国当前的文化遗产旅游利用实践远未与国际法接轨,遗产保护与旅游利用的立法尚处于缺失阶段,因此须完善文化遗产保护与利用的相关立法以引导和规范文化遗产旅游利用的实践.     

地域文化基因再现及人本观转基因空间控制理念

文化景观是环境层面上文化行为的空间产物,地域文化景观反映该地域文化体系的地理单元特征。地域文化遗产性景观揭示传统文化(尤其是心理期盼认知传统行为)在空间上传承与形制叠加的人文地理性。对后者的研究国外已借用生物传承多样性的"基因、物种和生态系统"理念去解构。诸多研究多涉及聚落景观及其基因方面,还没有全方位延伸到地域文化景观的各类型,尤其很少介入地域传统文化(风水观)遗产性基因,及其遗产景观基因的排列或组合或结构的研究。本文引用人文地理学"社会-文化"转向创立的"现象学结构主义"方法,首次系统揭示(中国)地域文化遗产(形制)基因与结构;并据后现代人本性空间观理念,即在满足遗产性景观所在地(或社区)生活空间质量需求规律下,论及提升文化产业展现内涵下的遗产景观基因再现控制理念。     

态度与价值:遗产旅游体验模式探析——以苏州平江历史文化街区为例

"遗产资本化"(Heritagization)是遗产被用于实现特定目标的社会进程,是遗产旅游的核心,遗产旅游开发是遗产资本化的当代形式,遗产旅游开发的直接目标即向公众提供真实性的遗产体验。本文结合苏州平江历史文化街区的旅游产品开发案例,根据对社交媒体(Social Media)中旅游博客(Blog)原创文本的内容分析(Content Analysis,CA)和语义网络分析(Semantic Network Analysis,SNA),挖掘旅游者对案例遗产旅游地的个人态度和价值认知情况,进而提出一个由旅游者对遗产的个人态度及其遗产价值认知所构成的遗产旅游体验开发框架,勾勒出文化遗产旅游开发的战略导向。     

Cultural Tourism: Marketing Challenges and Opportunities for German Cultural Heritage

Because of the generally precarious state of public finance in Germany, at federal, state and community levels, expenditure for cultural purposes is being reduced constantly. Therefore, cultural institutions such as heritage sites are virtually compelled to find additional sources of funding to improve their financial situation and ensure their long‐term survival. One of the more suitable means of increasing the revenue situation on an ongoing basis is to improve and expand the cultural tourism offerings. Despite this significance of cultural tourism, an empirical study established that German heritage sites have by no means exploited the real potential of cultural tourism in a comprehensive manner. Thus, the objective of this paper is, on the basis of a well‐founded delineation of the concept and demand‐side situation, to demonstrate the potential success factors for developing cultural tourism and to do so from a marketing perspective.     

“文化是旅游的灵魂”：误解与反思——武夷山案例研究

“文化是旅游的灵魂”这一观点常被视为旅游开发与管理中的常识,不少开发者也因此对文化旅游地开发付诸极大的热情,但现实中并非所有的文化遗产地都能因为其厚重的历史文化而成为游客追逐的热点,“文化是旅游的灵魂”这一观点需要进行深入思考。本文通过对历史文化旅游资源丰富的世界文化与自然遗产地武夷山研究发现,大众游客只能感知到文化的一些表层元素,他们希望对文化资源进行充分包装与充分展示。在此基础上,本文对“文化是旅游的灵魂”这一观点进行了深入思考。本文认为,文化元素在旅游活动中非常重要。但只有经过充分解说与合理展示、让文化不断“活化”、能够让游客真正感受到的文化,才能发挥“灵魂”的作用。     

Heritage and gastronomy: The pursuits of the ‘new tourist’

Abstract

The main thrust of this text is to acknowledge the relationship between gastronomy and heritage as a key motivator for travel. Gastronomy, as a central part of culture, and its influence on other aspects of culture has received scant recognition from the academic world generated by tourism. Gastronomy, heritage and tourism are old friends; the relationship between them is mutually parasitic. Gastronomy's role as a cultural force in developing and sustaining heritage tourism is addressed, as is its increasing role as a catalyst in enhancing the quality of the tourist experience. Today's consumers’ search for an individual lifestyle is changing tourism and the ‘new tourist’ is using the holiday for acquiring insight into other cultures. Recent research and current market trends are examined to reveal the increasing significance of gastronomy to holiday choice. It is argued that gastronomy brings culture and cultures together. Place and setting enhance the food experience and arguably vice‐versa. Heritage and gastronomy combined make for an excellent marriage of tourist resources. The text argues that this combination is both used and viewed by the tourist. As such the tourist becomes engaged in cultural heritage to a deeper level.     

Preservation Plan Applications for the Historical City Centre,Kemeralti (Izmir,Turkey)

The necessity of preserving traditional environments, as a part of cultural heritage, is recognized and accepted in Turkey. Nevertheless, due to the abundance of archaeological sites and areas that are deemed historical, several problems exist regarding the preservation of these areas. The improvements made world-wide, specifically in Europe, regarding urban preservation have also had an impact on Turkey. Yet, as the “awareness of preservation” notion indirectly showed its impact affecting only a small group, the integration process was inherently impeded. Consequently, both regulations and successful plan studies on preservation were delayed. Conversely, the issue of preservation has always been considered a secondary priority for Turkey. Whenever a conflict of interest occurs between development and preservation, development is usually preferred. Due to the fact that preservation does not rank high among our priorities suggests that social awareness regarding preservation is not at a desired level. In this article, the applications of the preservation plan studies of the historical city centre of Izmir (the third largest city in Turkey) will be evaluated. Kemeralti, due to its history, size, archaeological, historical and natural values, and being in Izmir, which is an exceptional city in terms of the emphasis on preservation compared to other cities, is considered to be privileged and, therefore, presents a significant example for study. Besides maintaining the identity of the city as well as national identity, preserving areas which may be considered a part of world heritage depends, above all, on raising social awareness. Furthermore, in addition to the concerns regarding the preservation of historical environments in urban areas in Turkey, this article also discusses the promising developments produced by the gradual increase of positive efforts made concerning this matter. These efforts along with the initiatives and experience that played a successful role in overcoming these concerns may also set an example for other similar fields.