历史地理学的构成——《历史地理学导论》选载之一

自三十年代顾颉刚先生创建禹贡学会起,特别是建国以来,中国历史地理各个专题领域的研究都取得了重大进展,突破了传统沿革地理的研究范围。但相形之下对于历史地理学基础理论的研究却略嫌薄弱,一方面是我们已有的丰富的具体研究成果未能及时进行理论性总结,另一方面是对国外历史地理学理论和历史地理学史了解不够。这种局面也势必要影响各个专题领域研究的进一步深入开展。为推进我国历史地理学理论研究,本刊拟选载日本历史地理学者菊地利夫《历史地理学导论》一书,本期刊出其序言和第一章《历史地理学的构成》。 本书作者菊地利夫1916年生,1942年毕业于日本东京文理科大学理学部地理学专业,从1976年起,任筑波大学历史暨人类学系教授,《历史地理学导论》一书出版于1977年,日文原名为《历史地理学方法论》。本书从历史地理学思想发展史出发,全面总结论述了世界各国历史地理学理论和方法的发展演变,对于我国历史地理学界了解国外历史地理学理论研究概况应有所裨益。本刊选载时,译者对书中所涉及到的著名地理学家等作了一些简要注释,以便读者。     

论地理学的重构

通过对传统地理学及其学科体系结构的系统审视,认为传统地理学的危机是其重领域、轻视角,重具体、轻抽象的结果。提出地理学摆脱危机的途径是在现代地理学学科结构框架下,强化地理学核心学科群的建设;并指出了在充分利用现代地理学研究成果的同时,地理学核心学科强化的仿经济学路线与仿物理学路线。     

体育文化的地理学解析

本文以体育和地理共同关注的空间和地方作为切入点,介绍和分析了体育与地理的联系、体育地理的兴起和发展状况,继而提出了体育文化地理解析的概念框架,并在此框架下,讨论了体育地理学研究的主要领域和核心内容。最后文章扼要指出了我国体育地理学研究的潜力和优势,认为体育地理研究将在我国大有可为。     

意大利的地理学

地理学在意大利有很长的历史,从上个世纪中叶大学的地理系和地理学会成立起来之后,有组织、有专门机构的研究就开始了.本世纪初是地理学研究的繁荣时期.当时主要遵循的是实证主义的方法.在法西斯年代,由于以所谓理想主义为化身的政府给哲学和历史学以优先的发展,地理学变成了二流的学科.但民族主义的政治刺激了一些人对政治地理学的兴趣.战争结束后,意大利的地理学经历了一个稳定发展的时期,并逐渐地赶上了国际地理学的发展水平.     

《当代中国历史地理学研究(1949—2019)》评介

正1949年中华人民共和国成立之后,中国历史地理学的发展进入了一个新阶段。特别是以谭其骧主编《中国历史地图集》等为代表的重要成果出版,奠定了历史地理学的学科地位,在中国历史相关的各个学科领域产生了重要的影响。然而进入新世纪后,历史地理学在取得诸多重大研究成果的同时,也暴露出了越来越多的问题,导致学科影响力不断下降。各个学科的综合发展及交叉学科的涌现,也使得历史地理学科逐渐被边缘化。     

西方选举地理学的研究进展

选举地理学是政治地理学的重要研究领域之一。本文以Web of Science中选举地理学的学术论文为依据,借助科学计量工具,系统回顾了1982-2018年选举地理学的发展脉络,归纳了西方选举地理学的主要研究领域和研究范式。研究表明：选举地理学主要包括投票地理、选举制度、选区划分、选票转化四个领域;与此相应,西方学界对选举地理的研究范式可归纳为空间分析、地理制图、政治经济学、后结构主义。展望未来,选举地理学在解释中国的地方政治、基层选举、社区自治,以及推动中国政治地理学的学科发展方面将值得期待。     

中国政治地理学研究展望

相对于人文地理学的其他几个主要分支学科而言,政治地理学在中国发展缓慢。本文认为这主要不是由于中国缺乏政治地理研究的素材,也不单纯是由于中国缺乏研究政治的环境。从学科的角度看,有四个方面的原因束缚了政治地理学在中国的发展:地理学分析尺度的下移、建设性实证研究的缺乏、相关学科理论支持不足和地理学本身"远离政治"的惯性影响。本文在粗略梳理了西方政治地理学发展脉络的基础上,通过对比分析,提出了中国政治地理学发展的三个方向:城市政治地理、地方政治地理和新地缘政治学,期待中国政治地理多尺度、多样化的实证研究尽快展开。     

我国区域经济地理学科的创新与发展

本文认为随着世界政治经济格局的深刻变化和世界经济一体化、区域集团化的飞速发展,区域经济地理学作为我国地理科学中的一门年轻学科,正处于深刻的变革之中。在新的21世纪中,学科发展面临着重大挑战,同时也面临着发展的重要机遇,要实现学科的创新与发展,关键在于如何深刻认识与处理学科发展面临的相关学科的挑战、继承与创新、理论与实践相结合等几个重大问题。最后,本文提出了区域经济地理学科的四个发展趋势。     

七十年代澳大利亚的人文地理学研究

七十年代前,受人重视的学科为城市地理学、农业地理学、社会(文化)地理学和历史地理学;七十年代以来的研究成果中,经济地理居首,其次为社会地理、人口地理、聚落地理和旅游地理(见附表)。七十年代澳大利亚人文地理学研究的另一个明显特点,就是"核心--外围"理论(Core-periphery Concept)被广泛应用于各分支学科国内、外的分析研究中。所谓"核心--外围"理论,是指在社会或经济地域结构中,某一地域在整个研究范围内处于核心地位,统治或支配其它从属地域的社会经济活动。     

历史地理学与历史学

一历史地理学是研究历史时期地理环境结构及其发展变迁的规律,简单地说,就是研究历史时期的地理的科学。历史地理学是地理科学一门分支学科,就其学科性质而论,在现阶段它还是介于历史科学与地理科学之间的边缘科学,因此历史地理和历史学、地理学的关系,都同样密切。历史地理学和历史学的关系,从总的方面考察,主要表现有三个方面:(一)是研究时间的重合,(二)是研究对象的交错,(三)是研究资料和手段的部分相同。(一)历史地理学与历史学研究的时间都是人类历史时期,狭义仅指有文字记载的历史,广义则自人类社会形成即原始社会开     

CLASSIFYING PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES: THE CASE OF MANINKA FARMERS IN SOUTHWESTERN MALI

This article argues that understanding how people classify physical geographic features is necessary for identifying fundamental, cross‐cultural geographic concepts that are required for successful communication of geographic knowledge. Academic geographers have not given sufficient attention to systems of local geographic knowledge, even though promising theoretical frameworks exist, particularly in the field of ethnoecology. However, the research approach that has characterized ethnoecology is insufficient to develop ethnogeography as a field of inquiry, because ethnoecologists have overemphasized limited aspects of local knowledge systems, such as soils, which has often led researchers to incompletely sample local knowledge systems. Using ethnographic methods, this article analyses the content and structure of physical geographic knowledge in the Maninka language as spoken in southwestern Mali, and compares Maninka knowledge to that of other cultural groups. The results suggest that broad physical geographic concepts may be shared pan‐environmentally, but that most physical geographic knowledge is contained in culturally specific classifications embedded within a broad cross‐cultural framework. Academic geographers should expect only broad correspondence between their categories of physical geographic variation and those of people who classify biophysical features according to local knowledge systems. Finally, this article also shows that ethnoecological research will be advanced if geographic theories of place are given more prominence in ethnoecological studies.     

Geography, Space, and Science: Perspectives from Studies of Migration and Geographical Sorting

For the past four decades a significant subset of geographers have had a strong interest in using scientific methods and tools to answer questions about society and societal change. The scientific endeavor, learning and verifying new knowledge, has been at the heart of this project. Even though the discipline as a whole seems currently less interested in the classic science project, that project continues within geography and is a part of the wider social science community's attempt to provide verifiable and useful knowledge to a wide range of stakeholders. The findings from studies of migration and the life course, and segregation and geographical sorting reemphasize the very real contribution of spatial science to understanding societal change. Recent work on the geography of neighborhoods and mobility with the context of legal contestation goes beyond academic research per se to show the continuing relevance of an informed scientific approach and the contributions of geography beyond narrow disciplinary boundaries.     

国际背景与中国特色的经济地理学

近一、二十年来,以英美地理学家为主导的国际经济地理学界开始注重制度和社会文化因素对经济空间现象的影响。柔性专业化、网络与根植性、集聚与集群,区域管制等概念,频聚出现于国际主导地理刊物和国际会议讨论之中。国内也有一些学者引进这些相关理论并结合中国实例作了一些可喜的探索。这种引进理论--中国实际研究--理论总结的研究模式,推动着上世纪中国经济地理学发展。但是,从中国特色的经济地理学角度考虑,还应该探索其他研究思路。中国经济地理学发展背景,有一些在世界十分独特,如最大的且近20多年经济增长最快的发展中国家,工业化与城市化不相一致,体制变革、文化传统的特殊影响,人口与资源的尖锐矛盾,区域差异巨大,经济地理学在地理学中地位的特殊性等。根据这些背景,中国经济地理学需要冷静地审视国际学术动向和中国特色。立足中国实际,加强国际交流,凝练解释中国特殊经济地理现象的理论观点,逐渐培育国际经济地理学界中的中国流派。     

THINGS THAT ARE ALMOST BUT NOT QUITE WELL KNOWN IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The author, a physical geographer, sees no need to despair about the present state of the discipline and the future of geography. He places geography in context among the sciences and finds a need for a synthesizing discipline that pulls together the findings of the particular disciplines. Such a function might be performed by landscape science and regional geography. In general, geographers are found to go too far afield in their research and there is a need to define the focus of the disciplines to eliminate the present centrifugal tendencies. Such a unifying focus might be found in geographical prediction. Geographers should be aware of the limits and capabilities of their discipline; geography is most effective in fostering solutions in conjunction with other disciplines. Fieldwork per se is criticized; some geographers make a fetish of fieldwork, spending their life in the field without ever writing up the results as a contribution to science. The language of geographical exposition must be cleansed of pseudoscientific jargon; too much geographical writing is incomprehensible. The use of mathematics in geography should be placed in historical perspective; it is not the panacea for all that ails geography.     

Achievements of Soviet Geography in Kazakhstan

A review of geographic research on Kazakhstan over the last 50 years, with a survey of major research projects and publications. Although Moscow geographers long assumed a large share of the research, a local group of geographers under N.N. Pal'gov has been playing an increasingly active role since the 1950's.     

Decontextualized Knowledge,Situated Politics: The New Scientific–Local Politics of Rice Genetic Resources in Thailand

Recent practices of scientific–local knowledge interaction in Thailand surrounding rice genetic resources have led to a new phenomenon, which this article calls knowledge inclusion. This study explores several forms of knowledge inclusion —participatory science, localized science, scientized knowledge and hybridized knowledge— as new loci of political practices among government rice breeders, non‐governmental officials and farmers. Ethnographic studies are used to reveal that, through selectively incorporating elements of each other's knowledges, these scientific and local knowledge practitioners have drawn on the discourses of scientific–local knowledges to their political advantage. The ramifications of this new politics vary according to different political arenas in rice genetic resource management. Based on these findings, the article argues that recent practices of knowledge inclusion should not be obscured by the notion of situated knowledge, but should be understood as situated politics of decontextualized knowledge in genetic resource management. The argument reconceptualizes the new scientific–local politics as a synthesis between the power–knowledge relation and the power–structural context in which genetic resource management takes place.     

试论经济地理学的研究创新

本文受相关学科的研究启发,并根据作者从事经济地理学的学习和研究体会,提出关于经济地理学研究创新的六点建议:建好基础数据,创新研究方法,激励思维创新,营造创新环境,培养扎实的学风,选择特殊的研究对象。     

Straddling the Boundaries Between Sciences

The author reverts to the theme that, in addition to the particular disciplines in physical geography and in economic geography, there is a genuine need for a general geographic approach to study of the geographical environment and of the man-nature relationship. As a result of the growing social impact on the environment, the operation of natural laws and social laws becomes so closely intertwined that no single discipline operating with one particular set of laws is capable of understanding the complex processes and phenomena in the interplay between nature and society. The growing specialized differentiation of geography as a science does not eliminate it as a distinct field of human knowledge with a common object of study. However there is a danger that the process of differentiation may be going too far, with an increasing number of scholars from adjacent disciplines coming into geography. The trend is said to be evident in the advanced training of geographers in universities, where geography facilities are turning into collections of departments turning out, say, meteorologists with little general geographic background. And yet there is a growing need for broadly trained geographers, particularly in the entire field of long-range planning and pre-planning research, in which the author is engaged.     

The Moscow Branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR in the Next Few Years

This survey of the program of activities of the Moscow Branch includes a list of topics suggested for discussion at meetings of geographers and a detailed program of activities for the dissemination of geographical knowledge through lectures, publications, exhibits, excursions, radio-television, photographs and films, and library services.     

信息时代的地理学研究——NCGIA对若干理论问题的探索

本文以美国国家基金委员会资助美国国家地理信息与分析中心(NCGIA)进行的瓦伦纽斯(Varenius)研究项目有关信息时代地理学研究的一系列中期研究报告与论文为基础,介绍了中心一些著名学者以地理学家独特的地理哲学思维,对信息时代的地理学研究若干理论问题所作的新探索与阐述,旨在为国内学者了解、追踪地理信息科学的新发展,开展地理信息科学的跨世纪研究提供借鉴。