考古学文化定义的哲学与逻辑思考

近年来,随着考古学本身和与其相关学科的发展进步,一些考古学家对考古学文化的概念提出修正.谢仲礼在《东南文化》1990年1.2期发表了一篇题为《考古学文化新界说》(以下简称《新界说》) 的文章.提出传统的考古学文化概念只涉及物质文化,而忽视非物质文化.但“物质文化只能是考古学研究的起点”,这与考古学研究的目的不大相符.于是他认为:“考古学文化是指在考古发掘和研究中发现之属于同一时代、分布于同一地域内,属于某个人类群体的具有鲜明的时代和地方特征的古代文化遗存.它既包括物质文化,也包括反映在物质文化上的非物质文化.”然而,无论是传统观点将考古遗存与物质文化等同.还是《新界说》认为物质文化是考古学     

论新考古学

路·宾福德(L.Binford),美国新墨西哥大学人类学系教授,当代西方最负盛名的考古学家.新考古学又称进程考古学,是由宾福德于60年代倡导的,指的是从文化发展的进程来研究考古学.这一理论方法对当代西方考古学产生了巨大的影响.本文是宾福德1968年主编的“New perspectives ofArchaeology”一书中开宗明义的第一篇,比较完整地阐述了新考古学的思想,对于了解当前西方考古学理论方法有一定借鉴意义.对于文章中的观点,我们并不一定完全赞同,但是不可以不了解,这便是译者向考古界同行推荐本文的目的.本文原名“Aschaeological Perspectives”,基本上按原文译出,在少数地方作了技术性的删动.     

踏访深埋在地下的吐谷浑王国--都兰古墓群文化归属解惑

古老悠久的中华文明灿若星汉,漫漫无际当历史进入上世纪80年代时,在考古学领域有一颗新星从柴达木盆地闪闪而出,光芒四射,这就是青海省都兰县古墓群的发掘及其成果问世。可能是由于古墓群太神秘、太难以读懂的原因,有人误以为它是“吐蕃古墓群”。而我省最早研究都兰古墓群的学者程起骏先生撰写的这篇踏访记,广征博引,从多角度阐明:都兰古墓群不是“吐蕃古墓群”,而是“吐谷浑古墓群”。文章观点新颖,内容丰厚,说服力极强 现刊登如下,以飨读众。     

中国史前文化研究的心路历程─—简评《中国史前考古学史研究(1895～1949)》

老实说,考古学是一门冷僻的学问,以研究无文字时代为己任的史前考古学就更是如此。史前考古学家千辛万苦写成的一本本发掘报告,对于一般的读者,简直如天书一样晦涩难懂高不可攀;即使对于专业的历史研究者,读来也是味同嚼蜡如食鸡肋。既如此,把史前考古学家的故事说给大家听,那又会是怎样一种结果呢？中国史前考古学如果从1921年瑞典地质学家安特生（Andersson．J．G．）发掘河南仰韶村算起,迄今已经迈过了78个年头;如果从日本人类学家鸟居龙藏1895年在辽东半岛的考古调查算起,则已经走过了104个年头。尽管如此,无论从哪个年代…     

中国考古学的百年历程

中国考古学是从西方引入的,1921年瑞典人安特生发掘河南省仰韶村是近代科学意义的考古学在中国的开始,20世纪20年代末,李济、梁思永等从海外学成归国,在带回了当时国外考古学理论方法的同时也开始了中国考古学本土化的历程。建国后,中国考古学进入“理论多元化,方法系统化,技术国际化”的新时代。步入21世纪,中国考古学建立了以新技术、新方法为特征的一批新兴边缘学科,考古调查和发掘的主力军更加年轻化,为中国考古学注入了新鲜的有生力量。     

考古学的公共性及其时代价值

从来就不存在真正的“私人的考古学”。从考古调查发掘所涉经费、土地和考古出土文物、资料信息,到考古知识、理论、技术方法的社会共享,再到考古发掘之后文物、古迹、遗址的保护、利用、管理,无一不是社会性问题。科学考古学满足考古学家和人类面向古代的求知欲望,而公共考古学则是面向人类基于历史的未来可持续发展资源、信息、知识管理和价值观建构的考古后问题。中华民族伟大复兴和人类命运共同体建设对考古资源的保护利用管理提出了新的时代要求,也为中国公共考古学的发展提供了历史性机遇。     

社会考古学综论

“社会考古学”一词早在1921年就已出现,但直到20世纪四五十年代,以柴尔德为首的考古学家才真正开始社会考古学研究。至今,社会考古学大致经历了三个发展阶段。其研究对象为社会;其内容则包括社会组织、社会规模、社会结构以及社会之间的关系等;其研究方法主要有聚落分析法、墓葬分析法、民族历史学分析法和人类分析法四种。而中国的社会考古学研究还处于起步阶段,在许多方面还有待改进。     

关于牛河梁遗址的重新认识——非单一的文化遗存以及“文明的曙光”之商榷

一辽宁省凌源市牛河梁 ,是我国东北发现的重要史前遗址之一。自 1 983年开始发掘以来 ,以“女神庙”和积石冢群的发现 ,引起人们的广泛关注。 1 986年由于考古学家发表的众多讲话和传媒的互动配合 ,形成了一个热点。以红山文化为基础而提出了“文明的曙光”的观点 ,把中国文明起源的研究导入了一定的误区。随着考古资料的不断积累 ,特别是牛河梁遗址又陆续出现许多新的论据 ,从考古学实证的角度来考察 ,使我们不得不去重新认识。这里可以牛河梁遗址及其新发现的事例 ,作为继续讨论的参考。二自牛河梁遗址开始发掘以来 ,通过发掘简报的公布和…     

万泉荆村出土陶埙小考

发现万泉县荆村新石器时代仰韶文化遗址,是民国时期山西籍考古学家卫聚贤对考古学的贡献之一,其在荆村瓦渣斜发掘出土重要器物陶埙,关于其出土来源,至今仍有多种说法,本文拟对此进行考述,且对目前流传的几个观点辨析,试图还原当时面貌,兼以怀念卫聚贤这位著名考古学家。     

生态系统理论的反思之刍议——评布伦菲尔的《闯入生态系统一性别、阶层和派别各领风骚》

自上世纪70年代以来,欧美不少考古学家对生态系统理论展开了深入反思。美国人类学教授伊丽莎白·M·布伦菲尔的《闯入生态系统一性别、阶层和派别各领风骚》一文对此有精辟的分析。布氏强调考古学研究中对社会成员的分析。当前我国史前考古学研究中对社会成员的考察方兴未艾,布氏的观点对此有重要借鉴意义。     

“正当的历史观”:论李济的考古学研究与民族主义

张光直曾指出,李济的考古学研究在以下几个方面产生了"特别深远的影响":坚持使用第一手科学取得的经验材料、主张考古遗物的分类应以可定量的有形的东西为基础、从文化人类学的观点出发对考古资料作解释、不把对中国问题研究的视野局限于中     

考古发掘与考古发现

考古发现和考古学理论方法是考古学赖以进步的两条腿。考古发现不断刷新考古学家的视野并为考古学研究的深入提供新的资料,考古学理论方法使考古学的眼睛更加明亮,分析和思考更具有科学的力量。理论方法让考古学家对考古发现有更深入的认识,考古发现同时也推动综合研究和理论方法的进步。此外,考古发现往往会引起社会的关注,考古发现和考古学知识的普及可以为考古学的进步提供良好的社会环境,从而对考古学的发展产生强大的推动力量。考古学的持续发展要求考古学家必须正确处理考古发现、考古学自身理论方法的完善以及考古学与化遗产保护、公众知识状况和社会需求的关系。     

Heritage Formulation in Overtly Politicized Environments: A Commentary

Archaeology undertaken in overtly politicized environments creates situations and data that archaeologists are not positioned to control either in the moment or in perpetuity. This commentary examines the five diverse, revealing case studies that appear Archaeologies 2.2 and 3.1 and identifies the underlying dynamics that can create both an ethical burden for archaeologists and potentially charged, even dangerous, situations for others. These include archaeological heritage management demands and failures; contrary heritage valuation; restriction of associations with potential heritage resources; balancing archaeological research goals against local economic, political and social aspirations; and the complex trans-border reality of archaeologically identified societies that complicates heritage deployment in modern contexts. Whether or not activist engagement or outcomes are part of our practice or intention, there is no such thing as a value-free archaeological outcome.     

The Archaeology of the Disenfranchised

The question of multivocality has been much explored and debated in recent archaeological publications. Clearly, the objective of such work is to assure the inclusion of the views of disadvantaged minorities and disenfranchised peoples in the presentation of their own pasts. This objective has not been achieved with much success, however, partly because mainstream archaeologists have had some difficulties in grappling with what appear to be a proliferation of alternative archaeological theories. Few discussions have approached alternative archaeologies as constituting a definable archaeological paradigm that might be termed The Archaeology of the Disenfranchised. Four different models within this paradigm are discussed and a strategy for a more widespread inclusion of alternative archaeological discussions and projects is suggested.     

Empowering the Local Saharawi People: Training for Rock Art Documentation in Western Sahara (DARSSO Project)

The former Spanish Sahara is the last remaining colony in Africa. Most of the local people have been living in refugee camps in Algeria for the last 40 years and this situation has largely conditioned the archaeological research in the territory for a long time. In spite of the Saharawi Ministry of Culture in exile occasionally collaborating with European academic institutions for the study of its huge archaeological heritage, the training of local archaeologists or initiatives exclusively aimed at targeting the self-management of the Saharawi Archaeology are rarely carried out. This could be due to the difficulties in getting funds for long-term projects in this area, among other factors. However, today’s technological revolution has come to the desert including mobile telephones, televisions, computers and even an incipient Internet connection. At the same time, current digital technology has encouraged the development of new methods of documenting rock paintings, which might be appropriate and more accessible for the Saharawi technicians. This paper discusses the successful and failed aspects, as well as future perspectives, of a training course in rock art documentation intended for empowering local archaeologists who are living in very unfavourable circumstances.     

中华文明探源 国家学术工程十年

中华文明探源工程是继"夏商周断代工程"之后,又一项由国家支持的多学科结合、研究中国古代历史与文化的重大科研项目,由科技部立项、国家文物局牵头组织,两大权威考古科研机构联合多个国家级及省级科研机构,数百位考古学、历史文献学、天文学,古文字学、体质人类学,科学测年、古植物古动物、古环境、冶金史、化学成分分析、古人类食谱分析、遥感和遗址的物理探测、天文学、科技史、计算机科学领域的学者联合攻关,让最新的考古学研究成果成为判断中华文明是否有五千年历史的根据,     

The Tel Akko Total Archaeology Project (Akko,Israel): Assessing the suitability of multi-scale 3D field recording in archaeology

Abstract

Archaeology is a destructive discipline, and, unfortunately, the majority of methods employed by archaeologists to record and preserve the archaeological record consist of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional (3D) subjects. Recent breakthroughs in 3D technology, however, have the potential to revolutionize the discipline. In recent years, multiple software suites capable of generating spatially accurate, photorealistic 3D models with a series of digital photographs have become available. Following a successful season of field testing in 2011, the Tel Akko Total Archaeology Project (Akko, Israel) expanded the use of Agisoft’s PhotoScan Pro—one of the commercially available software suites—to test the accuracy and suitability of the program for archaeological applications at multiple scales. After two years of field testing, it is clear that the implementation of PhotoScan Pro in archaeology facilitates unprecedented accuracy in field recording and digital heritage management, and provides a new outlet for the dissemination of archaeological data.     

Units of Archaeological Stratification

The excavating archaeologists’ methodological set ‐ excavation, recording, analysis and publication ‐ rests on the notions and principles of the stratigraphic succession of archaeological deposits. Since 1954 when Sir Mortimer Wheeler published Archaeology From the Earth, there has been a dearth of published discussion on the stratigraphie theory in archaeology. This paper examines some of the background of the stratigraphie notion in archaeology and a revised model for archaeological stratigraphy based on ‘units of stratification’ is presented. Re‐evaluations of stratigraphie configurations in archaeology arc perhaps long overdue and this article is an attempt to engender discussion on this fundamental archaeological tenet.     

河南灵宝市北阳平遗址考古勘探报告

为深入认识豫西灵宝盆地仰韶文化时期大型遗址的聚落内部情况,2018年3~5月,河南省文物考古研究院等单位对河南灵宝北阳平遗址进行了系统性考古勘探。本次工作明确这是一处以仰韶文化为主体的大型聚落遗址,发现的遗迹主要有房址、壕沟等,基本搞清了聚落范围、面积、重要遗迹分布、聚落布局和功能分区等,取得了重要成果。