新疆龟兹库木吐喇石窟壁画制作工艺与材料分析

壁画制作工艺与材料研究既是壁画病害原因与机理研究不可缺少的数据,更是筛选壁画保护修复材料与工艺的重要依据。本文利用X射线衍射、X射线荧光、剖面显微、激光拉曼分析了库木吐喇石窟第34、45 46、50、56、58、60、63窟壁画颜料、白粉层、地仗。结果表明,库木吐喇壁画制作工艺是先在陡峭的砂砾岩崖壁上开凿成形洞窟,之后在洞窟围岩上用掺有麦秸的黏土泥抹平砂岩壁面,待这层泥质地仗层完全晾干后用石膏涂刷;最后进行线描添彩。所用颜料红色颜料是铅丹,蓝色颜料使用的是青金石;绿色颜料是绿铜矿;白色颜料是白垩、石膏;均为常见壁画颜料。

A study on the workmanship and materials of Kumutula Grotto in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Workmanship and material research not only provides indispensable data for analyzing the diseases and their causes that infecting murals but also forms an important base for selecting preservation material and techniques. This paper analyzes the pigment, grounding layer and plaster layer of murals in Kumutula Grotto through X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and profile microscopic analysis so as to study the murals＇ workmanship and materials. The resuits show that, the murals＇ making processes are as follows： first, cut a cave on the steep conglomerate cliff; second, use clay soil which is mixed with wheat straw to smoothen the surface of sandstone; third, after this muddy plaster layer totally dries, use plaster to brush it; finally, draw lines and add colors. What＇s more, the red pigment is read lead. The blue pigment is lapis lazuli, the green （pigment） is green copper and white （pigment） is chalk and plaster. All the pig- ments are commonly used in mural-painting.