略论秦汉道制的演变

“道”为秦国创设的与县平行的一级地方行政区划 ,通常置于少数民族聚居的地区。“道”的设立与少数民族治理关系密切 ,负有处理少数民族地区特殊事务的职能。汉代的“道”多承袭秦制 ,但随着郡县制的成熟 ,“道”在行政职能上与县逐渐融合 ,在职官设置、司法职权、居民管理等方面与县的差别也渐趋一致。至汉武帝时新开“三边”之地 ,初郡中新设置“道”的数量已大大减少 ;直至仅设县而不置“道”,原有的“道”也直称为县或遭废弃。

Study on the Evolvement of Dao-county in the Qin--Han Dynasty

Dao", as a category of county and a parallel division of an administrative district, was firstly established in congregative areas of the minority by Qin state. The setting of "Dao-country" which had closely and firmly relation with minority dominion act simultaneously the function as manage the special affairs of the minority areas. Dao in Han dynasty mostly followed the rule of Qin dynasty, but it had reduced the difference with county gradually in some administration management such as officeholder's appointed, judicature's responsibility, inhabitant's administered. When in the period of Han Wu emperor, the number of new-setting Dao in the so-call "three frontier" zone had decreased rapidly. At the same time, the prior Dao was abrogated or changed of homonymous county until there were only founded counties in the new province zone.