Identification of organic materials in icons of the Cretan School of iconography |
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| Authors: | Lemonia Valianou Shuya Wei Mohammad S. Mubarak Helen Farmakalidis Erwin Rosenberg Stergios Stassinopoulos Ioannis Karapanagiotis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Ormylia Foundation, Art Diagnosis Centre, 63071 Ormylia, Chalkidiki, Greece;2. Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, A-1060 Vienna, Austria;3. The University of Jordan, Department of Chemistry, 11942 Amman, Jordan;4. Benaki Museum, Conservation Department, 10674 Athens, Greece;5. University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, 54250 Thessaloniki, Greece;1. Department of Management and Conservation of Ecclesiastical Cultural Heritage Objects, University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, N. Plastira 65, Thessaloniki 54250, Greece;2. Lab of Mechanics and Materials, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;3. Departrment of Civil Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85781, USA;4. Modern Functional Materials Chair, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 191002, Russia;1. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the AS CR, v.v.i., Husinec-?e? 1001, 250 68 ?e?, Czech Republic;2. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India;1. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany;3. Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry and Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands;4. Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;5. MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28334 Bremen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The Cretan School of iconography is the last great flowering of the traditional Byzantine painting manner, which is however influenced by different schools and western art. Despite their historical significance, icons of the Cretan School have been rarely studied through modern chemical techniques and therefore very few information is available on the materials used by the Cretan painters. In the present investigation, the organic materials contained in several icons of the Cretan School of Iconography from the collection of the Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece, are analyzed and identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode Array Detector (HPLC–DAD) and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS).The HPLC–DAD results provide support to a recently published report which showed that kermes used in “Cretan” icons of 15th century and early 16th century was replaced by cochineal which was used in icons dated after early 16th century. This trend is known for western art and it is now proved for Cretan icons, showing thus the influence of the Cretan painters by other European painting schools. Other dyes detected in the historical samples, extracted from Cretan icons are madder (possibly Rubia tinctorum L., according to HPLC profiles) and indigoid dyes. Oils, such as linseed and walnut oil, are identified in samples extracted from the seven icons tested by GC–MS. Egg yolk is identified in the extract of only one icon and animal glue, originated most likely from the gesso ground, is found in six samples. Other organic materials detected by GC–MS were wax, as well as synthetic resins, applied during conservation treatments. |
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