论元明清时期的西南少数民族土司土官制度与改土归流

羁縻职官制度既是我国少数民族传统职官制度的主要形式，也是以皇权统治为核心的封建王朝实行的基本民族政策。元明清时期的西南少数民族土司土官制度是诸朝历代羁縻职官制度的进一步发展和集大成。土司土官制度既是皇权统治下二元结构的职官制度，也是最终将少数民族纳入统一职官制度管理的一种过渡和准备。土司土官制度始于元代，盛行于明代，衰落于清代，其残余一直延续到新中国成立。土司土官制度的兴衰始终与改土归流活动联系在一起。

On the Systems of Tusi and Native Official and the Change of Making Native Official into Uniform Official System

Jimi (loose control) official system was both the main form of traditional official system of the minority and the basic policy of the minority implemented by feudalistic dynasties which took the rule of imperial power as its core. The chieftain and native official systems of the minority in southwestern China in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were the development and sum-up of the Jimi official system of the past dynasties. This system was both an official system of dualistic structure under the imperial power and transition and preparation before the minorities were brought into uniform official system of administration. The chieftain and native official system of the minority originated in Yuan dynasty and flourished in Ming dynasty, but declined in Qing dynasty. Its remains still continued to the founding of People's Republic of China. The chieftain and native official system of the minority had a close connection with the activities of changing the native official system into uniform official system.