继承与断裂:清初的会推与专制皇权的强化

清初继承的明制包括了高级官员的会推制度,然而此制在康熙年间逐渐没落。开列制与保举制的先后引入,使皇帝加强了对会推的控制,会推的质量得到了一定的保证,但也产生了低效、徇私等弊,得人效果不佳。康熙朝官员参与会推的积极性较低,不愿承担保举责任。决策时,康熙帝常与大学士共议,并越来越多地行特简之权,但也因此造成了明珠等权臣借机结党营私。明清会推中皇权的强化,不仅是皇帝个人意愿的展现,更是政局现实与政治文化综合作用的结果。

Inheritance and Fracture:The Huitui System for Selecting Senior Officials in the Early Qing Dynasty and the Strengthening of Autocratic Emperorship

After 1644,the Qing Dynasty inherited the systems of the Ming Dynasty,including the Huitui system for selecting senior officials.However,this system gradually declined during the reign of Kangxi.The methods of"listing"(kailie)and"recommending"(baoju)were successively added to the Huitui system,allowing the emperor to strengthen his control over system and,to some extent,guaranteeing the quality of selections.However,problems such as inefficiency and favoritism had also arisen,and led to poor results in the selection of officials.During the reign of Kangxi,officials were less motivated to participate in Huitui and were unwilling to assume the responsibility of recommending.When making decisions,Emperor Kangxi often discussed with the secretaries of the Grand Council and more and more frequently appointed officials directly.As a result,Mingzhu and other powerful officials took the opportunity to collude for selfish interests.The strengthening of autocratic emperorship under the Huitui system of Ming and Qing dynasties was not only the manifestation of the emperors’personal will,but also the result of the comprehensive effects of political situation and political culture.