嘉道年間江南的漕弊

嘉道年間的漕務是與積弊聯繫在一起的,作爲一種常態而存在的漕弊,本身即是制度的組成部分。在財政層面,漕弊主要表現爲旗丁幫費問題、大小户問題、漕糧的浮收勒折與虧空問題。嘉道年間的江南,一方面是倉漕衛所規費、旗丁幫費、官紳漕規、州縣浮收逐年遞增,而另一方面,捏災、短漕、虧空也隨之愈演愈烈,這導致了漕糧河運制度在道咸之交的崩潰。本文認爲:從財政結構的角度來看,所謂漕弊是各種浮費代表的額外財政對於額定財政的空前侵蝕。

The Tribute Grain Abuses of Jiangnan in the Jia-qing and Dao-guang Periods (1796-1850)

In the Jia-qing and Dao-guang Periods,the long-standing abuses continued to be part of the fabric of grain transport system. The tribute grain abuses prevailed in Jiangnan were the problem of bang fei(the customary fees extorted by the bannermen), the problem of daxiao hu (the differential tax collection rates of big households and small households ), the excessive collection and central-government deficits made up by zhou and xian governments. The Jia-qing and Dao-guang periods Jiangnan saw a continuing ri...