清末两级地方自治中的官治与自治模式

清末地方自治包括府厅州县和城镇乡地方自治两个层级,并建构了两个层级不同的官治与自治模式,即在城镇乡一级实行"以自治辅助官治",而府厅州县则实行"自治与官治合并"之制度。两种模式都借鉴了日本自治制度,但都有所不同。就清末城镇乡地方自治的运行来看,由于地方自治章程赋予官府监督自治之权,也由于自治团体为谋求地方利益,常常也会与官府对立,所以,官治与自治常常处于矛盾冲突之中。

The Models of Official Governance and Autonomy of the Two Hierarchies of Local Autonomy in the Late Qing Dynasty

There were two hierarchies of local autonomy in the late Qing period,one in cities(府厅州县)and the other in towns(城镇乡),which together constructed two models of different hierarchies of official governance and autonomy,that is, making autonomy as the assistant of official governance in cities and making autonomy and official governance together in towns.The two models were all learnt from the autonomous system in Japan and made changes.As to the execution of the au-tonomy in cities,on one hand,the government got the rights to supervise autonomy from the constitutions of local autonomy, on the other,the autonomous groups were against with the government for seeking local interests,therefore,the official govern-ance and autonomy were often in contradiction.