从铭文看两汉铜器皿的生产经营方式及其变化

汉代铜器皿的生产经营方式多样,且变化明显。大致可分为三个阶段:西汉早期,国家的经济政策较为宽松,铜器生产较为自由,制作机构既有中央和地方政府控制的各级工官,也有地方诸侯和富商,产品得以自由买卖;西汉中晚期,由于对地方诸侯和私人工商业实行打击和限制政策,铜器的生产经营方式发生变化,地方诸侯和富商基本退出铜器的生产领域,铜器的制造由政府专控;东汉早期,随着政策的放宽,铜器由政府专控的局面开始松动,私人作坊造作的铜器出现,至东汉中晚期政府各级工官基本退出铜器生产领域,铜器的制作为私营或工官监制私人承制的形式。

A Study of the Modes of Management Used to Produce Bronze Vessels in the Han Dynasty and their Development as Seen from Inscriptions

There were many modes of management used to produce bronze vessels in the Han Dynasty and these went through distinct changes.In general they underwent three stages of development:(1)In the early Western Han Dynasty,state economic policies were casual and the production of bronze vessels was largely unfettered by restrictions.Production units included foundries under the control of officials working both for the central,as well as local,governments,and in some areas nobles and wealthy merchants also produced bronze vessels.The products could be freely bought or sold.(2)In the mid-late Western Han period, bronze vessel production underwent changes resulting from conflicts between local aristocrats associated with the royal household and private businessmen,as well as from restrictive policies,and eventually local aristocrats and wealthy merchants basically retreated from the production of bronze vessels,and bronze vessel manufacture was again a government monopoly.(3)In the early period of the Eastern Han Dynasty,a loosening of policies resulted in the beginnings of the relaxation of the government monopoly of production,and private foundries emerged.By the mid-late period of the Han Dynasty,basically all levels of officialdom had moved away from bronze production and the manufacture of bronze vessels was either in private hands or in private hands under the supervision of the officials in charge of handicraft manufacture.