青海民和喇家遗址出土人骨研究

1999年以来,喇家遗址的房址和墓葬中出土了大量人骨,其对于研究齐家文化古代居民的性别年龄结构、体质特征、遗传关系、食性结构、健康状况等都具有重要的价值。初步研究显示,不同性质的遗迹出土人骨的性别年龄结构差异较大。人骨的主要体质特征属于明显的东亚蒙古人种,其主体形态特征可能更多地继承了甘青地区新石器时代人群的体质特征,也不排斥有小规模基因交流的可能性。同时,喇家组的聚类位置显得较为特别,主成分因子的3D散点图显示,喇家组与甘青地区新石器时代和青铜时代、甚至汉晋时期的人群关系较为密切。     

青海民和喇家遗址史前灾难成因辨析

青海民和喇家遗址发现以来,关于该遗址灾难成因有过诸多讨论,本文将诸多观点予以梳理,并提出一些看法,认为造成该处史前灾难的主要原因为地震及山洪,而很可能与黄河大洪水关系不大。     

青海民和喇家遗址磁法探测的新成果

将磁法勘探用于考古是一种新尝试,喇家遗址就此进行开展了一系列工作,取得了许多收获。     

东方庞贝--喇家遗址

长期以来,人们一直认为中国的西北地区相对贫穷落后、明不发达,但近年的一些考古发现对此提出了否定,地处中国青海省和甘肃省交界处的喇家遗址则是其中一个有,力的证据。大量而精美的物出土,不仅证明了早在4000多年前的史前时代,中国西北的     

青海喇家遗址齐家文化房址的保护处理

喇家遗址四座齐家文化的房址分别于2000年和2001年发掘完成,在此后的数年当中,由于受到多方面因素的影响,房址及房内人类骨骸等都遭到了不同程度的损坏,改变了发掘清理后的原始状态.为了保护房址和人骨遗骸,对房址进行了物理复原加固和化学保护.采用金属锚杆牵入嵌入方式、沟槽内嵌入固定体方式、利用孔洞嵌放固定体进行土体夯筑方式等加固方法,并使用非水分散体丙烯酸树脂溶液进行喷洒或滴渗保护.结果显示,该方法的实施,可以使这一举世闻名的齐家文化之灾难遗迹重新展示于公众面前.     

浅议喇家遗址出土的玉石器

喇家村位于民和县铝之南约901公里处,现隶属青海省民和回族土族自治县官亭镇。喇家遗址位于黄河北岸二级台地,东侧为喇家沟,南距黄河120米左右,西侧为卡地沟,北部1．5公里处有民和至甘肃省临夏市的公路。遗址大部压在村内,遗址范围东西约350米,南北150米左右,较现在的村庄略大。村庄的周围皆有灰层及陶片等遗存,陶片俯首可拾。该遗址是一处马家窑文化与齐家文化共存,以齐家文化遗存为主的遗址,内涵丰富,文化堆积积厚在0．5—1．2米左右。     

青海民和县喇家遗址2016年Ⅸ1区发掘简报

2016年,为配合喇家国家考古遗址公园3号保护棚后期建设,相关考古单位对喇家遗址Ⅸ1区进行抢救性发掘工作,清理马家窑文化晚期灰坑2座,齐家文化时期灰坑2座、灰沟1条,出土物较为丰富,尤其是马家窑文化陶鼓和齐家文化灰坑中具有西城驿文化风格彩陶片的发现较为重要。     

走进喇家遗址

●2002年,喇家遗址被评为“全国十大考古发现”之一。●这里有我国惟一的史前灾难遗址;●这里发现了中国第一大磬——黄河磬王;●这里发现了国内最大的玉刀;●这里发现了世界上最古老的一碗面条;现在,就让我们——在青海省民和回族土族自治县南部,有一个面积约60平方公里的三角     

喇家遗址与大禹治水

青海土族研究会会长鲍义志先生是我省著名的作家和学者,他善于探索勤于思考。最近,他经过较长时间对黄河上游历史及地理文化的研究和考察,得出了一个颇为大胆的推测———举世瞩目的喇家遗址是史前治水英雄大禹的故里,并撰写了《喇家遗址与大禹治水》的文章。本期推出这篇文章,希望这一观点能够引起学术界的重视。通过争鸣和交流,使一些被历史湮灭的记忆重现,自然是我们所期待的事情。     

金沙遗址出土象牙、骨角质文物现场临时保护研究

为寻求一种实际可行、安全可靠的出土象牙、骨角质物现场加固保护的方法,通过用几种加固剂在象牙等样品上做渗透加固实验,对比、筛选出效果较好的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛加固剂,用该加固剂对考古发掘现场的象牙等进行现场临时加固,效果尚可。     

In Situ Preservation of Ancient Floor Mosaics in Turkey

Abstract

As stated in the Burra Charter (1979) ‘A building or work should remain in its historical location. The moving of all or part of a building or work is unacceptable unless it is the sole means of ensuring its survival’. This statement has been neglected many times during rescue excavations in Turkey (e.g. Zeugma), whereas the destruction of ancient floor mosaics caused by lifting, especially when carried out by incompetent or inexperienced personnel at systematic archaeological excavations, has steered the authorities desire to preserve them in situ. However, due to the lack of conservation professionals and insufficient resources for conservation, it becomes a difficult issue to provide an effective preservation scheme for archaeological excavations. This paper aims to discuss this important issue in terms of the national legislation, preventative and interventive conservation approaches at various sites, exhibition and maintenance of mosaics, as well as the training of conservation technicians in Turkey.     

Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology

Cutmarks made by stone tools, conchoidal flake scars from hammerstone percussion, carnivore tooth marks, striations from sedimentary abrasion, and other surface modifications on bones from archaeological sites constitute a crucial body of evidence for investigating the role of human behaviors and of nonhuman taphonomic processes in site formation. This paper describes the various kinds of bone surface modifications produced by humans and by nonhuman processes and assesses the current status of bone surface modification studies with regard to such issues as the need for greater analytical standardization, the selection of instruments for examining bone specimens, tactics for identifying the origins of marks on bones, and strategies for inferring human behaviors.     

Studying the Cannons of Punta Santa Anna,Spain: In Situ Conservation,Promoting Public Access,and Monitoring Iron Corrosion

The 2001 UNESCO convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) encourages and supports projects that would make accessible to the general public underwater cultural sites. Since 2010 the Catalonian Federation of the World Underwater Federation (FECDAS), have been developing outreach activities with the objective of promoting the protection of the UCH among recreational scuba divers. The purpose of this paper is to introduce one such project, the Punta Santa Anna in Blanes, Spain. This project has three objectives: the promotion of UCH to the general public, the in situ protection of this underwater archaeological site, and a case study on iron corrosion processes. FECDAS/CMAS will create an underwater archaeological park where recreational scuba divers will be able to visit some purposely selected archaeological iron cannons. To expose UCH to the general public will potentially affect the integrity of these artefacts. This risks potential damage and so, with the objective of minimizing potential threats, a series of protective measures and a systematic monitoring programme have been planned. The programme is designed to study the relationship between the underwater environment and the artefacts. The aim is to acquire a better understanding of the corrosion processes of iron objects present in marine underwater sites.     

In Situ Preservation of Marine Archaeological Remains Based on Geodynamic Conditions,Raja Ampat,Indonesia

Marine archaeological remains in the Raja Ampat waters play an important role in the development of maritime history and culture in Indonesia. Three World War II American P47-Razorback planes are preserved here and the site has been developed for tourists and a research laboratory for scientists. However, the site is tectonically active which threatens the wrecks.     

The ISCR Project ‘Restoring Underwater’: An Evaluation of the Results After Ten Years

Abstract

The project ‘Restoring Underwater’ launched and conducted by the Underwater Archaeology Operations Unit of the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro (ISCR, Rome, Italy) is aimed at the study and the experimentation of instruments, materials, methodologies, and techniques for the restoration, conservation, and in situ display of ancient submerged artefacts. The project commenced in 2001 with the restoration of the vivaria of the Roman villa of Torre Astura (Nettuno, Rome), since 2003 the main subject of researches has been the submerged archaeological site of Baiae (Naples, Italy), where, over the years, the restoration of sectors of certain buildings in the protected marine area has been carried out: the Villa con ingresso a Protiro, the Villa dei Pisoni, the Via Herculanea, and the Building with porticoed courtyard near Portus Iulius. In 2007, in 2009, and in 2010 three new archaeological targets have been added to the research: a group of nine cast iron cannons discovered offshore the coast of the Marettimo Island (Sicily, Italy), the Roman wreck carrying a load of sarcophagi discovered off the coast of San Pietro in Bevagna (Taranto, Italy), and the traditional fishing boat recently discovered off the cost of Martana Island (Bolsena Lake, Italy).

The purpose of this paper is to sum up the work in progress and the results of these ten years of the project. The paper will shows as the conservation and museum display in situ of underwater heritage must not just be considered an opportune choice but may in itself provide a strong stimulus for experimenting new materials and technologies as well as representing a factor in the socio-economic development of the communities concerned, as shown by the example of Baiae.     

On the challenges and benefits of indoor archaeology: 15 years at the Archeodome (Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village,South Dakota)

Abstract

Field archaeology is normally associated with outdoor excavation and exposure to the natural environment. Archaeological excavations have adapted to a wide spectrum of these conditions, but the recent prominence of archaeological sites as tourist attractions and educational facilities has occasionally led to dramatically different environments for the archaeological recovery, interpretation, and preservation of evidence, including facilities that permit indoor excavation. This article explores 15 years of experience at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village in South Dakota. An “Archeodome” covering part of the site represents a non-traditional excavation and preservation environment that presents considerable benefits and challenges for archaeologists. The structure provides the basis for evaluating the nature of indoor excavation within its archaeological and educational context and provides a cautionary note for archaeologists, heritage groups, tourist boards, and others interested in the preservation of archaeological sites. Though this article focuses on the Mitchell site, the information reported has broad implications for sites where structures cover archaeological deposits.     

Laboratory Research on the Effects of Heavy Equipment Compaction on the in situ Preserved Archaeological Remains

Following the Malta Convention/Valletta Treaty the preferable way for the physical protection of archaeological sites is in situ preservation. When planning in situ preservation, in addition to other issues, it is also necessary to consider changes in physical environment and their impact on in situ preserved remains. This is especially important when human interaction takes place. Recently, an increase in construction on the top of archaeological sites has occurred, thus the effects of heavy equipment compaction need to be studied in more detail.

This paper presents research on the effects of the use of heavy equipment (e.g. rammers and rollers) compaction on archaeological remains. For the purpose of our research, laboratory testing has been performed. In a custom-made steel box, artificial archaeological sites were created using layers of sandy silt and gravel. A variety of archaeological and modern artefacts were placed in these created environments. Some of them were equipped with strain gauges for deformation recording. Through a series of tests a servo-hydraulic piston was used, which simulated the dynamic loading of the artificial sites. Humidity and temperature were recorded before, during, and after each test. Since layers and artefacts were three-dimensionally recorded before and after each test, compaction of layers and movements of artefacts could be studied. With attached strain gauges and visual inspection following each test, deformations and thus damage to artefacts during different stages of loadings was recorded.

The goals of our laboratory tests were the development of a new methodological approach to study the effects of heavy equipment compaction to the archaeological sites, getting an insight into the problems of such tests, and the estimation of the applicability of their results. With the presented results, our research has been a step towards better understanding the effects of heavy equipment compaction on archaeological remains and thus to the preservation of archaeological sites in situ.     

Advisory Commissions for Archaeology — Sense or Nonsense? The Case of Belgium

Abstract

Belgium has a long tradition of consultative commissions, responsible for the preservation of heritage. In the 1940s and 1950s, Belgian archaeologists expressed a need for such an institute, specifically competent for archaeology and the supervision of excavations. Only in 1965, the first members of a National Commission for Excavations were appointed. They had modest powers, but were able to advocate the value of archaeological heritage and, to a limited extent, supervise fieldwork performed by amateurs. The Commission was also asked to prepare a legal text that would protect archaeological heritage. However, ratified laws were not accomplished and, despite much regret of Belgian archaeologists, the Commission was abolished in 1979.

During the 1980s, Belgium underwent several state reforms which ultimately resulted in the complete regionalization of archaeology (1988–89). Throughout this period, a shift in opinion occurred between Walloon (French-speaking) and Flemish (Dutch-speaking) archaeologists. This resulted in different arrangements of governmental agencies responsible for immovable heritage and archaeology. Nonetheless, as UNESCO had recommended in 1968, all three Belgian regions (including the Brussels-Capital Region) installed advisory commissions that were involved in the preservation in situ of archaeological remains. However, these consultative bodies had little influence on politics and policy. Especially in Flanders, the Archaeological Council achieved very little. Probably, the lack of continuity retained the Council from building up a reputation and authority. Nevertheless, advisory commissions for archaeology do make sense in Belgium. They provide a necessary ‘forum’ to discuss problems and to express undivided opinions; they form a ‘channel’ to communicate with policy makers; and they present an ‘instrument’ for advocating the preservation of archaeological heritage.