万灶玄珠一唾轻 客卿新以玉泉名——说说古墨那些事

正文房四宝中的墨历史久远,它不仅是实用品,也是精美的艺术品,蕴含着丰富的中国传统文化内涵,从而成为收藏家眼中的珍宝。特别是一些文人、书画家,更是对古墨收藏情有独钟,往往因为得一佳墨而诗兴大发。因此,一锭上好的古墨,其价格极其昂贵,甚至是黄金的数十倍,自然也出现仿制古墨的现象,那些制墨名家的作品,更是泛滥成灾充斥市场。为此,学习掌握一些古墨鉴赏的知识和方法,就非常必要。笔者根据自己的体会,谈几点古墨鉴赏的常识。     

故宫博物院藏墨的病害原因初探

古墨的保存非常困难,理想的策略就是从根本上延缓或减少病害的发生。本文在实验和研究的基础上,结合对故宫博物院藏墨的保存现状和受损特点的调查,从内因和外因两方面详细讨论了病害产生的原因和机理,发现烟灰颗粒的团聚和烟料与胶料的分布不均是造成墨受损的主要原因,提出古墨的保存环境应维持在一个适宜的相对湿度和温度范围内,并尽量保持稳定。     

古墨的制作工艺及保存问题的探讨

采用近代分析方法研究墨坯锤打过程中的物理化学机理,结合古墨的结构形貌分析,对其保存问题进行初步探讨。     

松烟和油烟的表面化学性质研究

作为制墨发展史中绝对主流的两种墨品松烟墨和油烟墨,其使用性能的差异往往和它们的物理结构和化学性质直接相关。因此有必要对制墨原料的物理和化学性质进行准确测定。为此,对其原料松烟和油烟的主要组成、颗粒结构和分散状态进行研究的基础上,联合采用Zeta电势测定、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温脱附与质谱联用(TPD-MS)、热重(TG)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)等不同表征方法,对两种烟料的表面化学性质进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明,松烟和油烟不仅在颗粒尺寸、石墨化程度、比表面等方面有所不同;更重要的是它们在表面电荷、表面基团的种类、分布、相对含量等方面也存在较大的差异。并进一步从黑度、色度、光泽、渗透、层次和稳定性等方面,讨论了松烟和油烟的物理和化学特性与用墨性能之间的关系。希望可以更好地明确制墨原料的物理化学性质,并进一步与制墨工艺、墨的品质相关联,从而指导制墨工艺的改进提高。研究结果可为制墨工艺、墨的使用、鉴别和保存提供科学的依据。     

国际敦煌项目(IDP)第七次保存保护会议综述

2007年5月21至23日,国际敦煌项目第七次保存保护会议在伦敦召开。会议围绕敦煌写卷、绢画和壁画的保护与修复、色彩复原与制墨研究、保存方法和装帧形制等相关丝绸之路出土文物的保存保护问题展开热烈讨论,并组织参观了大英图书馆新建的保护修复中心,使与会者能够观摩西文书籍和地图修复等工作的具体过程,是一次理论结合实践,图文并茂的会议。大会发言28篇,提交论文摘要16篇。择要简介如下。     

河北制墨技艺在中国古代工艺史上的地位

河北地区曾是中国古代书画用墨的主产地之一,其制墨工艺前承魏晋,后启明清,对中国制墨工艺的流传和发展做出了突出的贡献。了解有关河北制墨的基本发展情况,是研究中国制墨史不可缺少的内容之一。本文依据史籍,对河北制墨技艺在中国制墨史上的成就进行了概述。     

皮革类文物的保存与典型病害的修复

古代皮革制品的保护与修复是建立在深入了解皮革文物的来源、鞣制方法及保存现状等信息的基础之上的一项干预行为。得益于在意大利书籍与档案遗产保存与修复中央研究所(ICRCPAL)积累的工作经验,本研究在分析欧洲传统皮革鞣制工艺、降解因素与保存条件的基础上,综合梳理了浸水、干燥及感染红腐病等三种典型皮革病害的干预方法,期待能为我国古代皮革文物的保护、修复提供一些有益的借鉴。     

出土西域文书残片纸张与字迹成分分析

综合运用多种无损检测技术分析出土西域文书残片纸张和字迹成分、制作工艺及其出土残留物成分和结构等,溯源唐代西域地区纸张生产与应用,考证古墨的加工工艺。研究证明中国人民大学博物馆藏西域文书用纸为麻纸,说明唐代新疆和田地区已经生产并使用手工纸;书写字迹是松烟墨;残留土样元素分析与新疆南疆沙漠土质相似,可进一步佐证该文书出土地为新疆南疆沙漠地区。文书上的羽毛、秸秆等可见残留物形状相对完整,非出土残留物,说明文书出土后可能有被保存在农舍附近的历史。本研究的发现和实验结论为文书起源、流转、考证和内容解读等提供物质性层面的参考。     

桂平博物馆馆藏东汉双耳铜甑铸造工艺及其保护修复研究

广西桂平博物馆藏东汉铜甑对于研究广西地区青铜器冶铸技术的发展具有重要的研究价值。但器物长期保存于潮湿环境中,矿化严重、保存状况较差,亟须保护修复。本研究应用X射线影像观察、金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析、模拟实验验证等方法研究了器物的铸造工艺、合金成分以及锈蚀产物成分。结果表明该器物为整体铸造成形,器物铸造时使用了轮制技术、刮板造型工艺以及铸后刻纹的工艺,箅部范块制作过程是用器身模翻制器身范后脱模,将器身模的圈足部分切下,然后在圈足泥模上刻出箅部型腔。在此基础上,遵循最低限度干预原则,力求将传统的文物修复手段与现代修复理念相结合,通过除锈、修补等保护修复措施后,不但提高了器物的整体稳定性,而且达到了可以展陈,发掘文物潜在价值的要求。     

明代天文图墨

明代制墨能手程君房制作了大量名墨,伹经过三百多年,存世的已寥寥无几。程制天文图墨更属罕见。山东临沂地区文物店不久前收购到古墨一块,重达半市斤,呈正圆形,直径14.5、边厚1.4、内厚0.9厘米,近似古代瓦当或圆砚;一面篆书"紫微垣"三字,一面是包括六十一个星座的天文图,侧面有     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

Comparison of analytical techniques for analysis of archaeological bronze

While many analyses of archaeological bronzes have been reported in the literature, in practice it is very difficult to compare them. To assess the present status of the chemical analysis of bronze two ancient objects—a flat axe (arsenic bronze) and a sickle (tin bronze)—were cut into pieces weighing about 2 g each and were distributed to 11 laboratories. The participants used the following methods for analysis: INAA, ED–XRF, PIXE, TRXRF, FAAS, ICP–AES, ICP–MS, SEM–EDS, LA–ICP–MS and PGAA. The samples were analysed in at least quadruplicate. Dixon's and Iglewicz and Hoaglin's tests were used to detect outliers. The majority of methods provided comparable results, especially for macroelements, independent of the technique and standards used. The number of determined elements depended on the method and, naturally, on the concentration level. Therefore an important recommendation that can be made is to supply, with each archaeometric investigation, data from the analysis of appropriate Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) used in the study.