征稿启事

一、《草原文物》创刊于2011年,每年两期。内容主要分为考古调查与发掘,探索与研究、科技考古和信息交流(会议纪要、新书介绍、简讯等)四大版块。以考古调查与发掘材料这一版块为主,立足以内蒙古自治区,并包括其它地域的北方草原地区及欧亚大陆草原地区的考古调查和新发现的考古资料。此外,定期介绍外蒙古的考古新发现和研究现状;探索与研究也将秉承草原文物的地域性特点,主要介绍草原地区     

考古发现所见河西走廊史前的农业双向传播

史前时代中国起源的粟黍和西亚起源的小麦、大麦在河西走廊双向传播过程的研究,对于认识欧亚大陆东西方文化交流的历史具有重要意义。文章通过梳理和对比河西走廊及其邻近地区考古遗址出土的植物大化石、骨骼碳氮同位素结果和种子碳十四测年结果,探讨距今5000-3000年粟黍西渐和麦类东传的时间和路线,认为在距今5000年前后随着马家窑文化西进至河西走廊,粟黍农业在距今5000-4400年传播至河西走廊并得以发展,在距今4400-4200年传播至欧亚草原中部哈萨克斯坦地区。另外,距今5000-4500年小麦、大麦已经在欧亚草原中部广泛种植,并向北传播至南西伯利亚等广阔的北方草原地区,在距今4000年左右可能通过南北向河谷传播至河西走廊地区。西渐的粟黍作物和东传的麦类作物对河西走廊及其邻近地区人类生业模式产生了重要影响。     

近年南方丝绸之路研究新进展

20世纪80年代中期以来,学术界注意到中国西南地区通往东南亚、南亚、中亚以至西亚和地中海地区的交通线路,联系《史记》等历史文献所记载的“蜀身毒道”以及西南地区的考古发现,于是提出“南方丝绸之路”的概念,并一度掀起研究热潮。进入21世纪以来,南方丝绸之路研究引起了学术界的更多关注,先秦史学者、考古学者、民族史学者和中外关系史学者纷纷加入讨论行列,研究对象也从国内扩展到国外,从对具体线路和节点的研究扩展到对围绕线路所发生的中外文化交流和文明互动等研究。正如李学勤所说：丝绸之路的研究在学术史上是非常重要的,是今天非常有影响的一门学科的起点。这门学科就是欧亚学。欧亚学专门研究欧亚大陆,从北方草原地区开始,南方到南亚,把欧亚大陆作为一个整体来研究。     

书讯

《南京大学历史系考古专业成立三十周年纪念文集》汇集了散布于世界各地的南京大学考古毕业生最新学术成果共62篇,内容涉及各个时期的考古学研究、考古理论与方法、文物研究和     

欧亚草原东部的考古发现与斯基泰的早期历史文化

新疆的考古材料对探讨斯基泰的来源和早期斯基泰文化同欧亚草原东部地区的关系等问题有重要意义。新疆及其周边地区在斯基泰西迁之前已经和丰提克地区有互动关系,三道海子文化在其中起了主要作用,其扩张也是斯基泰西迁的主要原因。斯基泰西迁后,欧亚草原进入以游牧为主要经济方式的时代。     

书讯

《南京大学历史系考古专业成立三十周年纪念文集》汇集了散布于世界各地的南京大学考古毕业生最新学术成果共62篇,内容涉及各个时期的考古学研究、考古理论与方法、文物研究和文物保护与利用等方面。本书由蒋赞初     

交流与转化——黄河上游地区先秦时期生业方式初探（下篇）

<正>三、讨论(一)家养动物和农作物的传播和扩散欧亚大陆史前东西方文化交流主要是通过陆路交通开展的,早在汉代丝绸之路出现之前,东西方已经存在人群扩散、物资运输和文化交流的通道,称之为"史前丝绸之路"~(1)或"欧亚草原通道"~(2),就家养动物和农作物而言,主要表现在中国起源的狗、猪、粟、黍的向欧亚草原西部地区的"西渐",以及西亚起源的黄牛、绵羊、山羊、大麦、小麦,西亚和中亚起源的     

草原丝绸之路兴盛时期中西交流的考古学观察——以辽上京、元上都及其周边发现为例

草原丝绸之路是蒙古草原地带沟通欧亚大陆的商贸大通道,是东西方文化碰撞、融合、升华的重要纽带。本文从考古学的视角,依据辽上京、元上都遗址及周边的考古发现,对草原丝绸之路兴盛时期中西方在经济、文化方面的交流情况进行简要阐释。     

“巴蜀文化暨三峡考古学术研讨会”综述

由中国先秦史学会和西南师范大学联合举办的“巴蜀文化暨三峡考古学术研讨会”于2 0 0 4年 1 1月 2 0日至 2 2日在西南师范大学隆重召开 ,来自北京、天津、上海、吉林、湖北、四川等 1 3个省市的近百名专家学者出席了会议。会议期间与会代表就巴蜀文化与三峡考古研究中的如下热     

辽宁朝阳县文管所藏塞伊玛-图尔宾诺铜矛调查及相关研究

2013年,在北京大学中国考古学研究中心的资助下,我们开启了欧亚草原考古课题研究,塞伊马-图尔宾诺文化在中国的传播是我们考察的重点问题之一。最近,我们调查了辽宁朝阳县文管所藏一件塞伊马-图尔宾诺铜矛,结合调查成果,对欧亚草原发现的塞伊马-图尔宾诺山字脊铜矛进行类型学分析。早期为窄柳叶形,只分布于阿尔泰地区;略晚期为宽柳叶形,很多地区都有发现。     

读《北福地:易水流域史前遗址》

2007年初,由文物出版社出版的《北福地:易水流域史前遗址》(下称《北福地》)和大家见面了。中易水是海河水系南拒马河的支流,北福地遗址就坐落在此河北岸,西倚太行山脉,东望河北平原。该遗址在1985和1997年分别有过发掘,围绕着这些田野工作提出的问题,特别是为究明北福地一期遗存中甲类和乙类的关系,经过精     

Determining the Age of GLO-mapped Trail Networks: A GIS Analysis of Northern Iowa

Abstract

Between 1833 and 1861, the Government Land Office (GLO) mapped almost 11,000 km of trails in Iowa. It is unknown if substantial portions of this GLO-mapped trail system predate the arrival of Euro-Americans; it is possible they were established in prehistory and used into the historical period. This Geographical Information Systems study compares a sample of archaeological sites within 1 km of the GLO trails in northern Iowa with a control sample. It was expected that GLO trails would be more common near Late Prehistoric sites if much of the GLO trail system was established before Euro-American arrival. Analysis indicates a relationship between GLO-mapped trails and Late Prehistoric, early historic Indian, and early historic Euro-American sites. Statistically, the connection between GLO trails and early historic Euro-American sites is by far the strongest; however, biases in the data suggest the association between Late Prehistoric and early historic Indian sites and GLO trails is underestimated.     

山西芮城清凉寺史前墓地

清凉寺史前墓地位于山西省芮城县东北部,在中条山脉南麓、黄河北侧,为山前丘陵坡地(图一)。由于遗址地跨西陌乡寺里和陌南镇坡头村,所以称为寺里—坡头遗址,面积约200万平方米。最早发现于1955年,1965年公布为山西省重点文物保护单位。1975和1984年,当地村     

Dental evolution in prehistoric Native Americans of the Ohio valley area. I. Wear and pathology

Temporal patterns of tooth wear rates (loss of crown height) and dental pathologies (caries, abscess, and tooth loss) are estimated for 40 Native American populations of the upper Ohio River valley area ranging in time from the Late Archaic (ca. 3500 years BP ) to Protohistoric times (ca. 350 years BP ). Within this time span three ‘dental cultural ecological environments’ are recognized: high rates of wear, low frequencies of pathology (Late Archaic), low rates of wear, low frequencies of pathologies (Woodland, ca. 2500–1000 years BP ), and low rates of wear and high frequencies of pathologies (Late Prehistoric, ca. post-1000 years BP ). Phenotypic selection acting to maintain tooth size is associated with pre-ceramic, hunter–fisher–gatherers in the first dental environment. The introduction and development of ceramics at the end of the Late Archaic is associated with significant reduction in tooth wear rates and reduction in size of maxillary teeth, most likely due to selection. From at least the Middle Woodland period (ca. 2000 years BP ) to the end of the time sequence considered, tooth size in Ohio Valley Native Americans was stable, with minor fluctuations due to genetic drift. At present there is no evidence that major changes in diet at the beginning of the Late Prehistoric period affected tooth size, even though the frequencies of dental pathologies increased dramatically. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phosphates, plowzones, and plazas: a minimally invasive approach to settlement structure of plowed village sites

Inferences about settlement structure play an important role in explanations of social and political change in Late Prehistoric eastern North America, but ethical and logistical challenges posed by extensive horizontal excavations mean that archaeologists must develop low cost, minimally invasive methods for investigating key properties of village structure. There are two important components of most villages in the region: 1) the peripheral distribution of middens; and 2) the size and location of formal communal spaces or plazas, each of which leaves traces in soil chemistry. In shallowly buried, plowed village sites where artifacts have been physically displaced, the chemical signature of middens may be more resistant to disturbance and provide an enduring signature of ancient settlement structure. We conducted a systematic soil phosphorus survey at the Reinhardt Site (33PI880) in central Ohio, the primary occupation of which occurred during the Late Prehistoric Period (ca. AD 1200-1450), to test for the presence and approximate size of a central plaza and the shape and distribution of peripheral midden deposits. Soil samples from the modern plowzone (N = 131) were analyzed for Mehlich II extractable phosphorus using molybdate colorimetry. The interpolated phosphorus distributions indicate a clear ring midden approximately 90 m across with an internal plaza that is roughly 30 m × 40 m. Artifact distributions from a shovel test pit survey and interpolations of plowzone magnetic susceptibility measurements identify the location of the village but are ambiguous with regards to village size and do not clearly distinguish the central plaza. Our results suggest that systematic surveys of soil phosphorus are a rapid, minimally invasive, and inexpensive method for generating data on the size and shape of villages and their plazas.     

10,000 Years in the Rocky Mountains: The Helen Lookingbill Site

Abstract

Located in a spring-fed meadow at 2620 masl, Helen Lookingbill is a stratified, high-altitude open site in the Washakie Range of the Absaroka Mountains in NW Wyoming. The site contains cultural material ranging in age from Paleoindian through Late Prehistoric periods. Although the densest cultural deposits date to the Early Archaic (8000–5000 b.p., uncalibrated), other time periods are well represented. A 10,400 year old layer comprises the earliest component (Haskett/Hell Gap) in the main excavation area; above it is a series of Late Paleoindian, Early Archaic, later Archaic, and Late Prehistoric components. The major materials at the site are chipped stone and bone, while a deer bone bed dating between 6500 and 6800 b.p. is contained within the main excavation block. In addition to deet; the site contains the remains of mountain sheep, bison, porcupine, and other mammals. Located on and near both quartzite and chert stone sources, the mountain meadow served as a prehistoric camp site and yielded evidence of tool production, heat treatment, refurbishing, and use. Interdisciplinary research provides much information pertinent to understanding the nature of site occupation with implications for regional cultural dynamics, high altitude hunter-gatherer adaptations, and site formation processes.     

Monongahela subsistence-settlement change: The late prehistoric period in the lower Upper Ohio River valley

The Late Prehistoric period in the lower Upper Ohio River basin of southwestern Pennsylvania and adjacent portions of Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia is dominated by a material-culture assemblage named Monongahela. Monongahela has been associated with subsistence-settlement systems that included a large number of upland villages that were often far removed from large river valleys. The existence of these villages has been explained as resulting from intra- and interregional warfare. While these upland villages may have obtained as a result of warfare, it is argued that they served as important links in regional divided risk strategies in response to local environmental and social risks.     

Using multi-criteria cost surface analysis to explore past regional landscapes: a case study of ritual activity and social interaction in Michigan,AD 1200–1600

Major advances have occurred in the analytical use of GIS in archaeology, particularly in uses of this tool for furthering understandings of past social landscapes. A major focus of these efforts has been visibility studies and archaeologists have paid less attention to how GIS can facilitate the study of another important socio-spatial component, movement. This paper examines the GIS application of multi-criteria cost surface analysis as a robust technique for modeling past movement and applies this approach to the Late Prehistoric period (ca. AD 1200–1600) in Michigan as a case study. This analysis extends understandings of the role of localized connections and tribal territoriality with the spread of maize agriculture in this period and adds further support to the proposal that earthwork enclosures served as uniquely accessible ritual centers for social, economic and ideological interaction between separate tribal communities within the Late Prehistoric regional organization. By showing this technique can build on and validate models of past social developments, grant real insights into social connections and affiliations, and stimulate new directions for future research, this specific case illustrates the general heuristic value of multi-criteria cost surface analysis for exploring regional landscapes in archaeology.     

Bone chemistry and the reconstruction of diet: Strontium discrimination in white-tailed deer

Studies of the relationship between the strontium content of human bone and past diet are still in an experimental stage. Because of the low frequency of carnivore remains at most archaeological sites and the absence of information on local strontium levels, it has been difficult to (1) estimate dietary intake for a prehistoric population, and (2) to compare prehistoric populations from spatially disparate areas. However, examination of strontium/calcium ratios in a modern herbivore may help to alleviate these problems. Bones from modern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were compared with deer diet in Wisconsin. An observed ratio between deer bone and diet in terms of a strontium/calcium index was calculated at 0204, which compares favourably with observed ratios reported for other mammals. Prehistoric white-tailed deer are used in the analysis of two Late Archaic sites in the midwestern U.S.A. The strontium levels in deer can be used as a baseline for comparison between sites. The prehistoric subsistence patterns are generally comparable, with hunting accounting for the bulk of the diet.