南越国宫署土遗址防风化加固材料的效果比较

南越国宫署遗址为大型土遗址类型,1996年11月国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位,由于挖掘时间较长,遗址场地条件有限,已经出现了不同程度的风化、粉化、开裂、局部坍塌等严重病害。为此本课题组经过前期分析测试研究,采用有机硅改性丙烯酸、PS材料、有机硅改性硅酸盐、硅酸酯类和无机-有机复合材料等几种常用土遗址防风化加固材料,对南越国宫署土遗址样块进行了加固效果对比测试,研究了加固前后土样各种性能的变化情况。研究发现:硅酸酯类和无机-有机复合材料加固土体具有很好的耐水性,耐盐破坏能力,抗压强度也有提高,并且不影响土体的外观和透气性;PS材料加固土体后透气性和渗透性虽好,但耐水性能较差,加固强度低,而且容易泛白;有机硅改性丙烯酸和有机硅改性硅酸盐材料加固后土样强度适中,但透气性、耐盐性和耐水性较差。可以看出硅酸酯类和无机-有机复合材料加固南越国宫署土样的效果较好,建议可进入现场试验评估阶段。     

浙江萧山跨湖桥独木舟遗址加固保护试验研究

为了保证所用加固材料对跨湖桥独木舟遗址土壤加固的有效性,使用改性水性环氧和正硅酸乙酯两种加固材料,分别于该遗址隐蔽部位进行了小面积加固试验,通过测试加固前后的土壤密度、pH值和色差以及强度等,对加固效果进行了评价。结果表明加固后的土壤干密度有所提高,土壤更加密实,仍处于原来的中性环境,保持土壤原貌,抗剪强度也有所提高。     

非水分散体加固剂固结砂土能力的研究

有机树脂非水分散体是一种新的土体防风化加固材料,对黄土样品和考古遗址都有好的加固效果。为检验这种加固剂对不同土体的加固能力,选择砂土作为被加固材料,用1．5％TD和2％21J加固剂进行加固试验。结果表明这种材料以低的浓度就有好的加固效果,经过加固的砂土样颜色和孔隙率变化小,土样的力学强度得到提高,具有好的耐水耐冻融能力及较好的耐盐能力,证明这种材料可用于砂土质遗址的加固保护。     

丙烯酸非水分散体等几种土遗址防风化加固剂的效果比较

对丙烯酸树脂非水分散体等几种土遗址防风化加固剂进行了加固效果对比检验,包括加固前后土样各种性能的变化,如：重量、颜色、孔隙率变化,抗压强度的提高,耐水、耐冻融、耐盐能力的增加等。通过检验发现,在所试材料中丙烯酸树脂非水分散体加固刑在浓度非常低的情况下对土体就有加固作用,使土体具有很好的耐水性、耐冻触能力,耐盐破坏能力也有提高,并且不影响土体的外观和透气性。而其它材料如正硅酸乙酯、丙烯酸树脂、聚氨酯、聚酯等虽在一些性能上能满足需要,但还有一些方面不能满足要求。对比表明,丙烯酸非水分散体是一类优良的土遗址防风化加固剂。     

潮湿环境下的土遗址加固保护材料筛选试验研究——以福建昙石山遗址为例

长期以来,关于潮湿环境下土遗址加固保护的适用材料问题一直是困扰我国文物保护和考古界的难点,至今尚没有成熟的规范可以参考。福建昙石山遗址作为我国东南沿海地区典型潮湿环境下的土遗址,近年来在遗址本体加固保护过程中,在加固材料的选取上,按照基础成分的不同分别对四类主要加固剂进行施工试验,通过大量的室内和现场局部试验,证明基本成分为长链烷基、烷氧基硅氧烷小分子和主要成分为含有乙氧基团的聚硅酸乙酯混合物以及主要成分为水玻璃和硅氧烷共聚物的加固剂材料加固效果较好,可用于潮湿环境下昙石山遗址的本体加固保护,这对推进我国潮湿环境下土遗址保护工作的全面发展无疑也是一次有益的尝试和探索。     

河南宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址本体加固保护试验研究

为了对河南宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址本体进行有效保护,针对病害的定性分析原因,类比筛选了国内外相关试验研究成果。保护设计从加固材料的特性、试样制取、加固方法、固化环境、试验室老化试验及现场试验等方面对加固材料的保护效果进行了系统研究。试验研究结果表明,MH具有较好的保护效果,适宜于汝官窑遗址的保护。所设计的试验方法,有助于制定土遗址化学渗透加固保护统一的试验方法和评定指标,并增强试验成果的可比性。     

土遗址防风化加固材料的研制及加固性能比较研究

本文用简单易行的方法将正硅酸乙酯进行预聚合,用盐酸作催化剂,待反应完毕后,在用乙二胺将PH值调节至微碱性,得到的预聚物呈无色透明液体。用此预聚物加固室内重塑土样,通过各种测试手段,如加固前后重量变化、渗透速度、空隙率变化、颜色变化、透气性变化、PH值以及盐蚀、冻融、高温高湿试验后的抗压强度等,并与PS材料、硅丙非水分散体、正硅酸乙酯和Remmers加固的标准土样进行各项性能的比较试验,结果表明:正硅酸乙酯预聚物加固后的土样各项性能都比较理想,能满足土遗址保护的要求。     

硅酸乙酯类加固材料在潮湿环境土遗址加固保护中的应用研究

潮湿环境土遗址因含水率高、成分及所处环境复杂等特点,是文物保护工作中最难保护的文物之一,深入开展加固保护材料适用性及优化组合研究对于潮湿环境土遗址保护具有现实意义。以上海广富林文化遗址"F12房址"为对象,选取硅酸乙酯类加固材料Remmers SAE 300和SAE 300E,对其不同比例配合下的加固效果进行试验研究。通过表观形貌、渗透性、强度及抗水崩解性等指标分析,结果表明不同比例配合下的加固效果虽存在一定差异,但均能有效提高土体抗粉化能力和抑制霉菌生长,且当含水率较低时,加固作用将显著提高土体无侧向抗压强度和抗剪强度。研究结果对综合评定硅酸乙酯类加固材料在潮湿环境土遗址加固保护中的应用性有参考价值。     

含氟聚合物应用于土质类文物的加固保护

本文介绍了含氟聚合物化学加固保护土质类文物的实验室研究工作。作者以陕西境内典型的半坡遗址土质重塑后的模拟样块为加固保护对象,分别进行了胶化物形成、孔隙度、持水量、抗水分解、抗压强度、抗钻强度、颜色测定等实验以及耐水性、耐盐腐蚀、耐冻融等耐老化实验。评估结果表明,含氟聚合物在土质类文物的加固保护中具有优越的性能。     

土遗址保护中的加固过程研究

在使用化学材料对土遗址进行渗透加固保护的过程中,有很多因素影响着最终的加固效果。本文从最基础的加固过程着手,在综合借鉴现有研究成果的基础上,从土样规格、加固方法、固化环境、加固深度和加固效率等方面阐述了加固过程中应规范的问题。     

Stabilization Methods for Textiles from Wet Sites

Abstract

Compared with artifacts of a more durable nature, the survival of textile objects in moist archaeological conditions is uncom1non. Textile 1naterials become degraded during prolonged burial and are already fragile and weakened when excavated. Methods of cleaning, consolidating, and drying textiles from wet terrestrial sites in temperate climates were investigated for this study. Methods considered were 1) no treatment, 2) aqueous cleaning, 3) aqueous cleaning with a surfactant, 4) lubricant treatment, 5) consolidants treatment, and 6) solvent treatment. Both air- and freeze-drying were utilized. Using two undyed wool fabrics that had been buried in representative southern New England soil, these stabilization methods were tested to determine which were the most suitable for treating the wool textiles. The treatments were evaluated by testing shrinkage, stiffness, and fabric strength, and by microscopic examination of the treated samples. Stiffness test results were statistically analyzed.

None of the treatments was found to cause further fiber degradation in the treated samples. While the surfactant cleaning resulted in the highest degree of soil removal, fabrics were weakened by the mechanical action of the treatment. All of the wet treatments left redeposited soil embedded within the fiber and yarn structure of the samples. Regardless of treatment the air-dried samples were stiffer and experienced more overall shrinkage than their freeze-dried counterparts. Studies investigating alternative 1neans of soil removal and appropriate methods of freeze-drying wet archaeological textiles are recommended for further research.     

Lead isotope ratios: Tracking the migration of European‐Americans to Grafton,Illinois in the 19th century

Lead isotope analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS) instruments on local soil samples and human premolar tooth enamel from a 19th century population from Grafton, Illinois, USA. The goal of the study was to determine if lead isotope analysis could be used to infer place of birth and patterns of 19th century migration into the city of Grafton. Five soil core samples from a location near Grafton, Illinois, five grave soil samples from the city cemetery and the tooth enamel of 19 human premolars were analysed. The results of the soil core analysis indicated that the lead isotopic signature of Grafton differs significantly from isotope ratios of other geographic areas associated with recorded places of birth of 19th century Jersey County residents. Elemental and isotope analysis of the soil samples indicated that diagenesis was not a factor in the analysis of lead isotopic signatures of enamel. From the lead isotope analysis of human premolars, the geographic origin of 13 of the remaining 15 individuals could be inferred. The inferred geographic origin was supplemented by an analysis of 1860 mortality and census records and demonstrated the utility of using lead isotope analysis in bio‐archaeological investigations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

制备方法对土遗址重塑样稳定性的影响研究

土建筑遗址本体的保护受遗址土的物理、水理、力学及所处环境差异的影响，重塑样是替代土遗址测试其各种性质的重要手段，重塑样拌制土性质的稳定性是科学评价、对比分析试验研究的基础和前提。本研究基于不同拌制土的方法，通过观察、拍照、量取土团粒大小以及同条件制备样品的无侧限抗压强度等，综合评价不同拌制土方法的影响条件。研究发现，采用人工拌土、闷土时间在24 h的土所制的试样最具稳定性，随着闷土时间再增加，土样强度在逐渐降低。本研究为土建筑遗址室内试验研究和工程现场拌制土料提供理论参考和技术支撑。     

Lead concentrations in bones and soil

Lead concentrations were measured in 41 rib samples from the Romano-British cemetery at Poundbury and in two sets of soil samples from the graves yielding up the bones. The levels of lead in the soil were in no way exceptional (means for the two series were 16·7 and 24·8 μg/g dry weight) and there was no correlation between soil lead and bone lead concentrations.Since bone lead concentrations vary independently of those in the soil, it is unlikely that the bones are contaminated by lead in the soil, at least under the conditions prevailing at this particular site.     

What can pollen grains from the Terracotta Army tell us?

The provenance of more than 2200-year-old terracotta warriors and horses in the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is still a mystery, even though some researchers have inferred that the terracotta figures were produced near the mausoleum. The sporomorphs (pollen and spores) extracted from terracotta fragments of a warrior and a horse and compared with those obtained from soil samples from the Qin Dynasty layer in Pit No. 2 of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum indicate that the pollen spectrum from the terracotta horse is different from that of the warrior, but similar to the local soil samples. Herbaceous pollen was dominant in the warrior sample, while arboreal pollen predominates in the horse and soil samples. Palynological evidence suggests that the terracotta horses were produced at a locality near the mausoleum, while the warrior came from a site which was further afield.     

Paleoenvironment and plant cultivation on terraces at La Quemada,Zacatecas, Mexico: the pollen,phytolith and diatom evidence

This paper reports the results of pollen, phytolith and diatom analyses conducted on a series of soil samples collected from a large, possibly communal, system of terraces associated with La Quemada in the Malpaso Valley, Zacatecas, Mexico. These analyses rendered data related to both paleoenvironmental and plant cultivation in the area. Preliminary pollen analyses of soil sediments suggest Agave sp. and Opuntia spp. cultivation played an important role on the terraces. The phytolith analyses recovered abundant, well preserved grass phytoliths, including Zea mays. The composition of the grass community suggests that paleoenvironmental conditions in this area were warm and dry, similar to those of today. The presence of three fresh water diatom taxa and sponge spicules in several archaeological soil samples suggests the possibility that water was carried to the terraces for irrigation from the nearby Rio Malpaso on a regular basis.     

利用红外热像测定土遗址导热系数的方法研究

土遗址土体加固效果的无损测试技术是目前土遗址保护加固之中急需解决的一个重要问题。为此探讨利用红外热像技术进行土遗址加固保护的无损测试,设计了相应的试验装置,并利用新疆交河故城遗址现场取得扰动土制成不同物理条件下的模型进行导热系数测定试验。分析土样表面温度随时间的变化规律,并根据非稳态导热理论反算出土样的导热系数。为了验证红外热像这种非接触无损测定土体导热系数方法的可靠性,在同样的土样上利用热特性分析仪(KD2 Pro)直接测量了土样的导热系数,两者结果差值甚小,证明了红外热像技术测定土体导热系数的可行性。还研究了干密度、含水率对遗址土体导热系数的影响作用。结果表明,在含水率一定情况下,遗址土体导热系数随干密度的增加而增大;在干密度一定情况下,遗址土体导热系数随含水率的增大而增大。研究结果可为土遗址土体加固效果评价作参考。