福建晋江宋代磁灶窑出土铅釉陶的腐蚀研究

铅釉陶瓷是我国古陶瓷的重要品类,因其耐腐蚀性较差,器表易产生"银釉""虹彩"等腐蚀现象。采用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪和拉曼光谱仪分析了福建晋江宋代磁灶窑出土的7件釉陶样品,目的是阐明铅釉在埋藏环境中的长期腐蚀现象、腐蚀产物和过程。结果表明,釉层主要成分为PbO和SiO_2,以Cu和Fe作为着色元素,陶胎为非钙质黏土,推测釉胎交界处的白色薄层为K-Pb长石晶体层。釉面中"虹彩"现象呈现出多层结构,主要是因为水的侵蚀,使得玻璃相中的部分择优组分(碱金属、碱土金属、铅氧化物等)转入环境介质中,即H~+与釉中Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、K~+、R~(n+)等发生离子交换反应,形成缺碱的富硅层[硅凝胶Si(OH)_4·n(H_2O)],呈现出"虹彩"现象。釉面腐蚀物中有磷酸铅盐、碳酸铅和碳酸钙,是溶出离子与埋藏环境反应在釉层表面沉积生成。     

安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉初步研究

本文利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪与电子探针能谱仪对安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉的显微结构、物相和化学组成进行了分析,并与同时期的湖北青山窑和江西景德镇窑青白瓷釉进行了对比研究,认为繁昌窑青白瓷釉属于钙系釉中钙釉类型,其瓷釉配方工艺与青山窑与湖田窑相似,应由一种“釉石”加入石灰石及草木灰制成。     

河北临漳县曹村窑址考察报告

2009年,在河北临漳县曹村发现古窑址。该窑址主要烧制精细的酱釉、青黄釉与青釉器物。通过与范粹墓出土"白瓷"、"白釉绿彩"器物及讲武城墓葬出土的同类器物比对研究,发现三者之间存在联系,极有可能是同一窑口所产。曹村窑可能属于官营窑场。经过对窑址资料的研究,发现酱釉与青黄釉应属陶器,两处墓葬的同类器物亦然。曹村窑址应属于磁州窑范畴。     

长沙窑乳浊釉制瓷技术的科技研究

长沙窑是中国唐代著名外销窑口,早期烧制青釉产品、后期发展到烧制青釉彩瓷和乳浊釉彩瓷,成为当时中外文化交流阶段性总结的集大成者。而长沙窑广泛使用的乳浊釉,特别是乳浊白釉为其彩绘提供了重要的釉层,是长沙窑彩瓷能够大放光彩的基础之一。鉴于此,为研究长沙窑乳浊釉制瓷技术,以铜官窑遗址和黄泗浦遗址出土的长沙窑瓷片为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和分光光度计等多种仪器,对长沙窑胎体和釉层进行了测试,着重探讨和揭示了长沙窑乳浊釉瓷的胎体原料、釉层乳浊机理、釉层原料以及兴起原因,为全面认识长沙窑乳浊釉瓷的制釉技术来源和科技内涵提供科学依据。     

繁昌窑青白瓷的初步研究

通过用电子显微镜,X射线衍射,电子探针等多种方法,初步分析研究了繁昌窑青白釉瓷片、匣钵及原料的结构与成分,得到如下结论：1)繁昌窑青白瓷的釉层较薄,约为0．2mm,常有开裂纹,颜色多为白中泛青。瓷片的透明度与釉中析晶层密切相关。2)柯家冲窑址附近的白色岩石不是瓷石矿料,不能单独用作制瓷原料。3)匣钵外特殊釉层的形成与窑汗无关,可能是由匣钵转化而来。     

临水窑与介休窑白底彩绘工艺的对比研究

白底黑花装饰风格的瓷器,始终是陶瓷、科技界和陶瓷爱好者关注的热点。临水窑(磁州窑)与介休窑白底黑花风格的瓷器之间有着密切的联系,但是对于两窑产品的科技分析甚少,至于两者的对比研究更是无从谈起。因此,本工作利用岩相分析、SEM-EDS等方法分析了临水窑(磁州窑)、介休窑样品的瓷胎、化妆土及瓷釉的化学成分和显微结构。比较分析显示,两窑样品的瓷胎均为低硅高铝配方,且介休窑瓷胎中的Al2O3含量更高;两窑瓷胎粗糙,Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高,致使其呈浅黄色。瓷胎表面均施有化妆土,所不同的是,介休窑的瓷胎表面施有两层化妆土,其靠近釉的一层化妆土(h2),Fe2O3、TiO2含量极低,靠近胎的一层化妆土(h1),Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高;临水窑样品的瓷胎表面仅施一层化妆土,其Fe2O3、TiO2含量较低,但高于介休窑近釉层化妆土中的相应含量。介休窑瓷釉为典型的高钙釉,而临水窑则为典型的碱钙釉和钙碱釉。不难认识到,介休窑似在临水窑白底黑花及化妆土工艺的基础上,因地制宜,勇于创新,形成了成本低廉、技术先进的两层化妆土工艺,在当地原料较为粗糙的条件下,生产出质量较好的白底釉下彩绘瓷器。     

“长江口二号”沉船出水青花瓷中的污染物研究

位于长江入海口的“长江口二号”清代沉船是中国目前发现的保存最为完整的古代木制沉船之一，已于2022年11月完成整体打捞。在进行水下考古调查时，沉船出水的部分青花瓷出现的病害现象引起了考古工作者的关注，特别是裂纹中黑色污染物及表面铁锈状污染物对文物的外观产生了很大影响。本工作选取了三件具有典型被污染特征的青花瓷标本作为代表，使用能量色散X射线荧光分析(EDXRF)、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、拉曼光谱分析(Raman)和扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)等方法，对污染物进行了研究，探讨了其形成原因以及环境的影响作用，并对其潜在危害进行了分析。研究表明，污染物主要以方解石、菱铁矿等碳酸盐以及铁的氧化物、氢氧化物和硫化物为主。长期处于河口淤泥中的还原性环境是导致菱铁矿和亚稳的铁硫化物形成的原因，船体中铁质构件腐蚀对局部环境的污染是重要的影响因素，这也反映出被污染的青花瓷所处位置和环境的特殊性。出水的部分青花瓷釉中裂纹的形态表明其形成是由物理撞击造成，而釉中硅灰石晶体的选择性腐蚀会导致腐蚀坑的形成，裂纹和腐蚀坑均为外部污染物进入釉层内部提供了通道，导致瓷器劣化。出水后...     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

天马—曲村周代晋国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究

采用等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDAX)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、金相显微分析等多种理化分析测试手段对天马一曲村周代晋国墓地出土的青铜残片的结构、成分进行了分析检测,比较了合金基体与表面层的成分变化以及表面的结构形貌,并探讨了造成锈蚀的因素以及具有特殊表面层的器物保存较好的原因。结果表明高锡相优先被腐蚀,沿晶界形成腐蚀通道。氯离子可穿过腐蚀层向基体延伸。自然腐蚀导致表面层富集锡、铅、硅、铁。表面富锡和具有各种标准自由能较低的氧化物使得带有特殊表面层的器物保存较好。     

绿釉陶器上的“银釉”现象并非“外施银粉”所致

1982年第7期《文物》刊载了《河北平泉小吉沟辽墓》,文中介绍出土的一件绿釉鸡冠壶"外表施一层银白色粉"。此说不妥。这种釉外呈银白色的现象,俗称为"银釉"、"汉银釉"(有的釉外呈浅黄色光泽,称"金釉"),又称为"寸金"、"寸银",并非人们有意"外施银粉"所致。釉     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

Of BRICs and Brains: Comparing Russia with China,India, and Other Populous Emerging Economies

A noted British economic analyst and observer of current developments in Russia compares that country's emerging economy with those of China, India, eight other populous emerging states, and the United States. The focus of the comparison is on the extent to which these countries exhibit potential for functioning as "knowledge-based" economies. The four pillars of such economies are identified as: (1) an educated and skilled population; (2) a network of R&D institutions; (3) a dynamic information infrastructure; and (4) a regime promoting the development of knowledge. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L86, O30, O57. 1 figure, 19 tables, 91 references.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.