透光摄影在古书画修复与研究中的应用

透光摄影由常规可见光摄影发展而来，是针对中国古书画等能被可见光穿透的文物开发的一项无损摄影检测技术。通过实践发现透光摄影在古书画的修复与研究领域具有多项作用：观察书画命纸、背纸拼接等装裱情况；发现前人加固、补缀等修复痕迹；获取画面底稿内容；强化伤况视觉效果以便于分析文物伤况病害。透光摄影能够提供直观可靠的深层视觉信息，辅助修复人员了解文物内部状态，在古书画的修复与研究中发挥重要作用。     

书画文物断裂痕产生原因与修复装裱方法的研究

书画文物及中国的传统卷轴装裱形式因材质为纸和绢,质地脆弱易损,出现断裂痕是最为常见与普遍的一种损伤情况,严重者会对文物造成致命伤害。因此,需要研究分析导致书画及裱件产生断裂痕的各种原因,并提出修复断裂痕的方法。通过运用贴条加固的方法修复书画文物的断裂痕,并在装裱成卷轴形式的过程中,始终按照平薄柔软的装裱目标,进行各工序的操作,从而使原先劣损的书画恢复原貌,得到保护与新生。要使书画文物,特别是卷轴书画能得到长久安全的保存,创造适合的保存与展示环境相当重要。     

书画文物断裂痕产生原因与修复装裱方法的研究

书画文物及中国的传统卷轴装裱形式因材质为纸和绢,质地脆弱易损,出现断裂痕是最为常见与普遍的一种损伤情况,严重者会对文物造成致命伤害。因此,需要研究分析导致书画及裱件产生断裂痕的各种原因,并提出修复断裂痕的方法。通过运用贴条加固的方法修复书画文物的断裂痕,并在装裱成卷轴形式的过程中,始终按照平薄柔软的装裱目标,进行各工序的操作,从而使原先劣损的书画恢复原貌,得到保护与新生。要使书画文物,特别是卷轴书画能得到长久安全的保存,创造适合的保存与展示环境相当重要。     

数字复制技术在《乾隆御笔符望阁口号》贴落修复中的应用

《乾隆御笔符望阁口号》贴落书写于青色洒金蜡笺纸上,原张贴于故宫乾隆花园符望阁内,由于文物右上角缺失,致使文字缺损。又因蜡笺纸制作工艺失传,带来文物修复材料的问题。本研究将数字复制技术应用于该文物的修复当中,首先解决了修复材料短缺问题,同时通过将数字复制技术、人工临摹技术、书画装裱修复技术相结合,最终完成该件文物的修复。此件文物的修复体现了现代科技与传统工艺相结合的巨大优势,扩展了数字复制技术的应用领域,丰富了古书画修复手段,为类似文物修复提供参考与借鉴。     

中国书画的“修旧如旧”与“最小干预”

中国书画作品由于保护不善受到自然或人为损害,就需对受损严重的书画作品进行修复。对画心缺损的地方,按照"修旧如旧"的原则,经过补、全色、接笔等修复工序,恢复作品原貌,实现画心完整。1000多年来"修旧如旧"的修复理念在中国代代相传,指导着书画修复与发展,使中国的书画保护得到了举世瞩目的成就。如今我国"修旧如旧"的理念与审美观得到西方修复专家的认同与应用。笔者通过分析"修旧如旧"的利弊,认为我们更应该不能让"最小干预"(最小介入)的修复理念占据文物修复整个领域;鉴于我国有大量尚待修复的书画藏品,笔者建议:将"修旧如旧"与"最小干预"相结合,把书画保护修复档案作为书画保护科学工程的需要引入修复工作,完善"修旧如旧"理念,才能实现中国书画修复的科学化。     

故宫养心殿藏“寿”字贴落保护研究

故宫养心殿内纸质文物主要包含贴落与隔扇心,其中贴落集中于正殿、东西暖阁及佛堂一区。在故宫博物院“养心殿研究性保护项目”中,书画修复人员对该区域进行全面调查,并针对佛堂一区保存状态较差的贴落进行修复。“寿”字贴落原存于养心殿佛堂长春书屋,糊贴于丁香花壁布之上,其画心纸为黄色描银龙纹粉蜡笺纸。为了研究其结构和工艺,使用多角度摄影技术观察贴落保存现状;通过显微剖面观察、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析,结合显微红外光谱扫描技术研究画心纸的显微结构;使用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用分析仪分析表面黄色染料;并对画心和背纸的纤维显微形貌进行观察。在科技分析基础上,对“寿”字贴落进行保护修复。此研究首次对清代宫廷藏粉蜡笺纸的结构、材料与工艺进行科学分析,为这类加工纸的保护研究提供科学依据。     

古书画修复中的“小补”与“整托”

<正>在古旧书画的修复中,对于发生残损的画作,必须通过相关技术的整复才能使作品得到延存,但是由于画作质地不同,不仅所用方法有所区别,所起作用及其结果也因之有异。中国古代书画主要可分为纸质和绢质两大类型。纸质书画的补缺称为"隐补"。"隐补"是指托完画心纸后,在托心纸的背面对破损处进行加补的一种方法。原理是受损画作在上完"托心纸"后,由于原有画心受损缺失,破损部位实际只有"托心纸"衬于破口,画面本身则仍呈亏损状态,这时不仅画作     

纸质书画的修复与保护——以清《陈嘉言纸本花卉卷》为例

纸质书画文物是中国古代艺术的结晶,是历史面目的真实记录,有着重要的价值。但是,随着岁月的流逝,这些作品同时受内因和外因影响,最终引起纸质书画的损坏。为了保护纸质书画文物,将文物面临的风险降至最低,最大程度恢复文物原貌,以纸质书画文物《陈嘉言纸本花卉卷》为例,试析装裱与修复对书画的保护。此作品原有装潢已经破损,画心部分严重受潮,纸张发霉糟朽,多处残损折裂,画面纸张剥落起翘严重,通过去污、修口、揭褙、隐补、打胶矾、按笔全色等方面对破损纸质书画进行保护与修复。     

明代胡靖行书《舞鹤赋》缎本轴的修复

厦门华侨博物院珍藏的诸多明清书画中,明代胡靖行书《舞鹤赋》缎本轴为其所藏的中国古代书法珍品之一。由于该文物旧裱做工粗糙且保存不当,致使文物遭受害虫霉菌侵蚀,画心破损断裂、字迹残缺,劣化严重,无法悬挂展示。为了延长书画寿命,使它恢复原貌,通过对文物的科学评估和分析,现遵循文物保护原则,采用"整托法"的传统修复工艺,对其进行抢救性修复和保护。此次修复通过充分分析研究,针对《舞鹤赋》的现状制定了使用整托法的传统修复方案,并取得了良好的修复效果。     

樊圻画《洗桐图》的艺术赏析与修复工艺

樊圻画《洗桐图》轴是现藏于青岛市博物馆一级书画文物,此画取材于清閟阁倪云林洗桐轶事,寓意深刻,绘画技法娴熟,有很高艺术性。由于原件破损较重,画心残裂绢质酥脆,该画因卷舒不当,保存环境不佳,致使画面多处受损,通过精心修复,使原缺失的画意重现原貌。现将对此画的艺术魅力及修复过程整理成文,以飨读者。     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).