论北方早期青瓷、白瓷间的关系——兼论北方“青白瓷”

长期以来,古陶瓷学界坚持认为,中国早期瓷器主要分青瓷、白瓷两大体系,青瓷是一元配方,北方早期白瓷则是三元配方。本文基于磁州窑唐代青瓷、"青白瓷"、白瓷和宋代青瓷、白瓷五种样品成分对比分析,发现磁州窑的青瓷和白瓷在胎料组成和烧成温度上并无明显差别,主要是釉料不同,且出现了化妆土,这一结果从一个侧面证明,中国北方早期白瓷的瓷胎仍为一元配方,青瓷与白瓷之间有着密切的联系。而以"磁州窑"为代表的北方"青白瓷"明显不同于南方的"青白瓷",其游离于青瓷与白瓷之间,终未自成一体。     

邢窑六世纪晚期制瓷原料的同位素和微量元素分析

白瓷的出现是我国陶瓷历史上较为重要的技术突破,白瓷的烧制成功为后世青花瓷、彩绘瓷的繁荣奠定了重要基础,被誉为中国古陶瓷工艺发展史中的“第四里程碑”。因此,关于白瓷起源的问题就成为考古界和科技考古界关注的重要学术问题,而邢窑2012年考古发掘出土的北朝晚期窑炉和器物遗存自然成为研究白瓷起源的重要实物资料。本研究利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和热电离质谱(TIMS)分析技术,对河北内丘城关服务楼窑址出土的北朝晚期至隋朝初期的早期瓷器样品胎釉原料进行分析,为邢窑早期瓷业的发展演变提供科学依据。结果表明邢窑早期瓷胎的微量元素统计模式明显可以分为两类,说明邢窑早期制瓷存在两种不同的胎料来源。邢窑陶工在开发早期白瓷这一新品种的过程中有意识地选择了一种有别于青瓷的更为优质的原料制胎,这种胎料中与锆石、锐钛矿等杂质赋存密切相关的V、Cr、Ni、Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等微量元素含量普遍小于青瓷胎。锶(Sr)同位素混合模式分析表明,邢窑早期的大部分样品不符合草木灰配以胎料的制釉方式,应该是采用了草木灰混合其他制釉黏土。同时,早期白瓷釉与青瓷釉的锶同位素特征存在一定差异,说明在制作过程中邢窑陶工为...     

白瓷起源问题研究再思考

白瓷的产生在中国陶瓷发展史上具有重要的意义。长期以来,白瓷起源问题备受关注,对于中国白瓷起源问题的研究,主要集中于白瓷的概念和定义、白瓷出现的时间、白瓷起源的区域或窑场、白瓷创烧初期的产品面貌以及白瓷出现的原因等环环相扣的几个方面。通过对已有研究的梳理,我们首先对"白瓷"的概念予以界定。在此基础上,仅就目前的考古资料,认为白瓷创烧于隋代,起源的热点地区包括河北邢窑、河南安阳相州窑和河南巩义窑等,且受到邺城影响的安阳相州窑最应值得关注。白瓷的起源动因可以从两个方面来考察,一是技术层面其与青瓷生产中技术的改良及南方窑业技术的北传密不可分,二是造型、装饰及审美取向方面其与南方青瓷、北朝时期的釉陶产品及同时代的玻璃器、金属器均有一定的联系,其中一些与这一时期来华胡人也有着一定的关系,这同时又为我们提出了新的问题。     

青白瓷粉盒

宋代的景德镇烧制瓷器的规模及质量已有很大的发展,在制瓷技术上渐趋成熟。当时的窑场以烧制青白瓷为主,一花独放,品种比较单一。青白瓷的釉色是介于青、白两色之间,说它是青瓷中显白,也可以说它是白瓷中泛青。因此在宋代文献中称其为青白瓷,直至清末和民国初年的瓷书中才称其为“影青”、“隐青”、“映青”、“印青”等。     

弘化公主墓出土的白釉瓷壶

瓷器是我国的一项重要发明创造,中国素有世界瓷都之称。瓷器的真正烧成,应在东汉末年的南方,到三国时期已广泛使用,成为南方的主要手工业产品之一。所以,这一时期烧制的青瓷是中国早期瓷器的杰出成就。白瓷是一种胎色洁白、釉色白净的瓷器。我国白瓷的出现晚于青瓷,是在青瓷的基础上。逐步改进对原料的筛选、淘洗、降低胎、釉中含铁量而烧成的。     

唐、五代景德镇蓝田窑青瓷科技研究

随着2012年景德镇蓝田窑的发现和发掘,出土了大量的青釉瓷器。通过对窑址及出土陶瓷文物的整理与研究,专家提出蓝田窑是目前为止景德镇发现的早期烧制青瓷的窑址之一,其中出土的部分青瓷应为唐代时期烧造。因此,研究蓝田窑唐代和五代时期青瓷对探索景德镇早期青瓷的发展有着至关重要的作用。鉴于此,本研究以唐代和五代景德镇蓝田窑青瓷为研究对象,利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱分析仪、热膨胀仪等对24件唐、五代蓝田窑青瓷样品进行了测试,对比分析了唐代和五代景德镇蓝田窑青瓷的组成和工艺特征,为研究景德镇早期青瓷及其初步发展提供了一定的数据支撑。     

河南原始瓷器的发现与研究

原始瓷器有称原始青瓷,这是新中国成立后的五十年代末期,随着我国文物考古事业的蓬勃发展和对古代陶瓷研究工作的不断深入,为了探索我国古代陶器与瓷器的关系和瓷器的起源问题,通过对郑州商代二里岗期遗址和墓葬中出土的所谓“釉陶”器的研     

邢窑“精细透光白瓷”的初步研究

１９９１年邢台市成立了“中国邢州窑研究所”,任务是：在前“河北省邢窑研究组”对邢窑粗、细白瓷研究的基础上,对邢窑的“精细透光白瓷”、“唐三彩”乃至“早期白瓷”和“早期青瓷”进行补充研究,①并根据“仿古创新”原则,及时将研究成果转化为生产力。现将该所对“精细透光白瓷”的初步研究,②简报如下。一关于“精细透光白瓷”的文献记载邢窑是我国烧造白瓷最早的窑口之一,就目前窑址遗存可证,邢窑白瓷始烧于北朝后期,其后经过隋朝的发展,至唐已达到了鼎盛阶段。邢窑白瓷从瓷质上说,共有三个瓷种,即“粗白瓷”、“细白瓷”…     

北方白瓷概览

正白瓷的创烧与成熟是我国古代陶瓷发展史上一项伟大的技术革命与进步,它的出现不仅打破了青瓷一统天下的局面,而且更为后世各种精细白瓷和彩绘瓷的产生与发展,奠定了一个不可或缺的工艺基础。不仅如此,我国白瓷技术的发展与传播对世界其他的地方制瓷业的发展也产生了巨大的影响。因此,白瓷的起     

中国国家博物馆藏唐代白瓷

白釉瓷经过北朝时期的初创,隋代发展,到唐代已经非常成熟,以邢窑白瓷为代表,制瓷工艺精湛。唐代制瓷业有了突飞猛进的发展,瓷器已成为生产的主流,形成了以北方邢窑白瓷和南方越窑青瓷为代表的两大瓷窑系统,生产出“类银类雪”的白瓷以及“千峰翠色”的青瓷,在中国陶瓷发展史上占有重要的地位。唐代北方邢窑生产白瓷品质优良,制作工艺精湛,产量大,唐代邢窑白瓷在当时畅销国内。     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

Of BRICs and Brains: Comparing Russia with China,India, and Other Populous Emerging Economies

A noted British economic analyst and observer of current developments in Russia compares that country's emerging economy with those of China, India, eight other populous emerging states, and the United States. The focus of the comparison is on the extent to which these countries exhibit potential for functioning as "knowledge-based" economies. The four pillars of such economies are identified as: (1) an educated and skilled population; (2) a network of R&D institutions; (3) a dynamic information infrastructure; and (4) a regime promoting the development of knowledge. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L86, O30, O57. 1 figure, 19 tables, 91 references.