巴蜀带斑纹兵器的锈蚀产物分析及机理探讨

带斑纹兵器是巴蜀兵器的一大特色。由于表面有斑纹的青铜兵器锈蚀与一般青铜器锈蚀有所不同,必须针对其特殊性进行锈蚀机理的研究,才能对症下药,达到有效保护的目的。应用矿相分析、SEM EDS、XRD等分析手段对几件巴蜀带斑纹兵器表面与截面锈蚀产物进行分析,并与非斑纹锈蚀进行比较;对斑纹与非斑纹的锈蚀机理进行探讨。分析结果表明,斑纹的锈蚀产物主要是SnO2,其在兵器斑纹表面形成钝性保护膜,防止其进一步腐蚀,对斑纹下面的基体有一定的保护作用。非斑纹层锈蚀向斑纹层下面的基体扩展,膨胀是造成斑纹层凸起甚至脱落的主要原因,对斑纹兵器保护的关键是控制非斑纹层锈蚀的进一步发展。     

一件魏晋时期铜镜的保护研究

为了对出土于敦煌佛爷庙湾的一件魏晋时期的铜镜进行保护研究,对其病害特征进行了描述,并对其锈蚀产物进行了检测分析.首先绘制了这件铜镜的病害图;采用湿法化学分析、便携式X荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线探伤仪、激光共焦显微拉曼光谱仪(RAMAN)、多晶X射线衍射仪(XRD)和同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)等方法,对铜镜的材质、纹饰及主要锈蚀产物进行了定性分析检测.检测结果表明,该铜镜的材质为铜锡铅三元合金;镜背覆盖着精美的龙纹;铜镜的锈蚀产物中都含有碱式氯化铜,并将这些分析结果用于制定铜镜的保护方案.     

试论青铜镜除锈保护技术

由于内部结构、埋藏环境、出土环境的相互作用,考古发掘出土的青铜器会产生不同程度的腐蚀。本文以一件表面锈蚀严重并覆盖铭文的铜镜为例,通过铜镜锈蚀病害分析,选择氧化银封闭法对＂粉状锈＂进行转化并使用苯丙三氮唑缓蚀对其进行了有效的保护,保护效果良好。     

甘肃拉卜楞寺壁画表面涂层材质分析

西藏壁画表面大多刷有保护涂层。据记载,其材质主要是桐油、牛胶或清漆等。但目前,对该涂层材质科学的研究却较少,不利于后期保护修复。为配合拉卜楞寺壁画保护修复项目,本研究以衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱法(~1H-NMR)、热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)技术等分析手段,对甘肃夏河拉卜楞寺弥勒佛殿、时轮学院主殿壁画的涂层进行了分析。结果表明,两处佛殿壁画涂层可确定是一种干性油,种类与桐油较接近。但由于西藏壁画在材料和工艺上的独特性,材料老化等因素,拉卜楞寺壁画涂层在组成和结构上,与现代桐油有一定差别,表现出一定的丰富性和复杂性。后期修复,可采用性质与西藏传统涂层材料接近的干性油,例如桐油,作为新的壁画表面涂层材料。     

成都蒲江飞虎村出土错金银带钩保护修复

成都文物考古研究院于2016年在蒲江飞虎村发掘了60座战国晚期墓葬,共出土青铜器181件(套)。其中M39出土了一件表面锈蚀覆盖严重的错金银青铜带钩,但其上错金银纹饰无法分辨,为还原其历史、艺术与研究价值,需对其表面锈蚀物进行清除。 采用X射线成像系统、体视显微镜、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜-能谱系统、X射线衍射仪等对带钩的保存状况、材质、锈蚀产物进行了分析。结果表明带钩上分布有精美的金银装饰纹饰,且金和银交替使用;带钩基体保存较差,锈蚀程度较重;部分区域金银丝已脱落。表面锈蚀覆盖严重,部分区域存在裂隙。带钩基体为铅锡青铜铸造组织,铜含量为73.0%,锡含量为11.4%,铅含量为13.7%;镶嵌的金、银丝样品呈倒三角形,均为热锻而成,金丝金含量为88.8%、银含量为11.2%;银丝银含量为95.8%,铜含量为2.4%。带钩锈蚀物大致分为两层,最外层绿色的锈蚀物为孔雀石,内层红色锈蚀物为赤铜矿。 在科学认知带钩保存状况、材质、锈蚀产物等的基础上,针对性地采用化学加固—机械法与化学法结合除锈—化学加固—缓蚀封护—粘接补配的技术路线对带钩进行了保护修复。对于细小裂隙选用渗透性很好、颜色轻微变化的Paraloid B72乙酸乙酯溶液,使用注射器少量多次滴渗加固;较大裂隙使用粘接强度好、渗透性适当的Hxtal NYL-1(海克斯塔)双组份环氧树脂,用小的针尖少量多次点渗入裂隙加固。对于外层绿色锈蚀物,先采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠水溶液软化,再配合使用机械法刮除去除;内层暗红色的氧化亚铜锈蚀先使用半胱氨酸水溶液软化,再配合机械法刮除。同时在锈蚀物去除过程中对出现松动的金银丝及时使用Araldite 2020型双组份环氧树脂进行加固。除锈结束后使用超纯水深度清洗清除试剂残留。使用苯并三氮唑乙醇溶液进行缓蚀处理,Paraloid B72乙酸乙酯溶液进行封护处理。带钩的粘接补配先使用Paraloid B72乙酸乙酯溶液预加固茬口,DG-4环氧树脂配合玻璃纤维布和销钉粘接补配。 本工作在利用现代仪器分析方法充分认识文物信息的基础上,根据文物实际情况,各种保护修复方法配合使用,对每种方法存在的弊端制定和采取相应的补救措施,最终在达到保护修复目的、恢复文物历史、艺术与研究价值的同时,最大限度地减少对文物造成的损伤。     

新干商代大墓青铜器腐蚀分析研究

为进一步了解新干商代大墓青铜器的腐蚀机理,用扫描电子显微镜、面探测器X衍射仪、离子色谱等仪器,对这批青铜器的腐蚀现象分三个方面进行了锈蚀结构、青铜基体、微观形貌观察的研究。研究结果表明,三种不同类型的腐蚀结构表面锈蚀成分主要是SnO2,样品表面锡含量均高于基体。漆古表面有龟裂纹,氧、锡元素分布从外至内层递减;铜元素从外至内递增。青铜器上残留土样中未检测出侵蚀性氯离子。实验结果可为保护这批青铜器提供科学依据。     

湖北柳树沟墓群M24出土汉代薄胎铜镜的保护修复

借助超景深视频显微镜、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱仪等现代检测分析仪器对湖北柳树沟墓群出土的一件汉代薄胎残损铜镜进行了检测分析。分析包括基体的微观腐蚀形貌、合金成分、金相组织及表面锈蚀物的物相和元素组成,从而确定了此面铜镜的腐蚀程度、材质、组织结构及表面锈蚀物类型。在此基础上,采用表面清洁、点焊粘接、补全、随色及缓蚀封护等保护修复措施恢复了铜镜的器型,展现了文物原貌。     

博罗横岭山先秦墓地出土春秋青铜矛腐蚀情况研究

作为2000年全国十大考古发现之一,惠州市博罗横岭山先秦墓地出土了大量精美的青铜器、陶瓷器和玉石器。本文采用显微镜、X射线探伤、X射线荧光能谱、X射线衍射、显微拉曼等方法对其中一件春秋时期青铜矛进行综合分析。结果表明,该青铜矛为铜锡二元合金。受酸性潮湿的埋藏土壤环境影响,青铜矛基体矿化严重,表面存在大量以SnO₂为主要成分的浅绿色锈蚀物和少量以碱式碳酸铜为主要成分的绿色锈蚀物。X射线探伤分析显示,青铜矛内部存在泥芯铸造产生的空腔和多处小孔状铸造缺陷。此外,青铜矛表面大部分区域覆盖有结晶态的以SnO₂为主要成分的致密半透明锈蚀层,这在同类型的锈蚀青铜器中较为少见,是其出土之后能长年保持稳定的表面锈蚀状态且器形较为完整稳固的原因。实验结果可为该青铜矛的保护修复处理提供有力的理论依据和数据支持,并为研究南方地区同类型青铜器锈蚀产物提供参考。     

故宫室外铁质文物封护剂评价方法研究

封护材料对于保护铁质文物具有重要意义。本工作以灵沼轩建筑钢板锈层为参照点,将实验基体表面状态分为:无锈光洁表面,喷砂除锈表面,锈蚀未处理表面。对不同表面的试样封护处理后进行实验室加速腐蚀老化,对其保护效果进行评价研究。研究结果表明:初步建立的一套封护剂工艺流程评价体系可以综合地、全面地、定量地区分铁质文物表面封护剂耐久性、防护性能的优劣;利用初步建立的评价体系,对有关厂家为故宫灵沼轩提供的三种封护剂氟橡胶(GA)、氟硅橡胶(有机硅涂覆试样后再涂覆硅橡胶)(GB)和氟硅橡胶(单宁酸擦洗试样后涂覆氟硅橡胶)(GC)进行筛选,在第二阶段客观地评价出GB的防护性能明显优于GC和GA的防护性能,但GB封护剂的应用还有待下一阶段的检测。封护剂保护的光洁表面、喷砂表面和锈蚀表面状态试样经腐蚀老化后得到的实验结果差别很大,三种表面状态的选择对于封护剂的综合评价都是必要的。光洁表面状态的试样可以客观地呈现出封护剂的评价结果,同时带锈的表面状态,也接近于文物的真实情况。     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

以上海为例看晚清时期社会生活方式及观念的变迁

晚清时期,上海的商业化、城市化生活环境变化,引起了人们生活方式的变动,出现了如洋货流行、从商之风、尊卑失序、女子走上社会、追求享乐等新社会风尚,导致传统伦理衰坏,同时也孕育产生了近代市场意识、近代工商观念、社会平等观念、功利主义及肯定人欲、自由的近代伦理观念。反映出生活方式的变动是引起近代生活伦理观念变迁的中介和启动力量。     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

20世纪90年代上海产业布局的发展变化

20世纪90年代,着眼于城市功能的重新定位,按照"三、二、一"产业发展新思路,上海的产业布局进行了重大的战略调整,逐步形成了中心城以三产为主、郊区以二产为主的大都市产业布局架构。在各类工业区建设的基础上,上海又突出发展形成了"东南西北"四大产业基地。由此,上海产业布局呈现出一个明显特征,就是第二产业立足于城市功能重塑、提高工业产业的竞争力,通过加强对重大产业项目的"政策聚焦",确立了空间发展的内环整合战略和"东西南北"发展战略,依托都市工业园区和城郊工业区,大大提高了产业聚集度。     

Changes in human bones boiled in seawater

The differences between boiled or unboiled bones are not often studied. However, they are crucial to understand postmortem rituals and to establish defleshing procedures and mortuary practices. In this work, human bones boiled in sea or fresh water are characterized. The bone composition, as well as the compounds present in the resulting materials, shows that salt alters the boiling process mechanism. Hence, from structural and morphological criteria, it is possible to distinguish if a bone has been boiled in salt or fresh water. In both sets of samples, the smoothness of the bone surface depends on boiling time, but only in bones boiled in seawater, filaments are observed apparently pouring out of the pores.Those differences which are mainly morphological (smoothness of the surface) are explained in terms of a collagen diffusional mechanism favored by sodium and chloride ions. For a boiling time of 6 h, the surface is covered by a thick layer or crusts of degraded collagen. Experiments with seawater may be used as model experiments to simulate taphonomical alterations in bones exposed to salt water.     

Women in parliaments in the Pacific region

The island states of the Pacific region are at the bottom of the international league table for the representation of women in parliament. Despite considerable efforts by international agencies and donor governments and by women of the region, progress on increasing representation is extraordinarily slow. Three major explanations for these low levels of representation can be identified. The most common explanation relates to cultural beliefs, while a second account locates the problem in women's socio-economic status. The third explanation argues that there are obstacles for women in the electoral and parliamentary institutions that warrant the introduction of legislated minimum representation of women. Each of these explanations contributes value to our understanding but each also has significant deficiencies, which are identified in the article.

就议会的妇女代表性而论,太平洋地区的岛屿国家可谓国际圆桌会议的垫底。尽管有国际机构和捐助国以及该地区女性的坚持不懈,提高妇女代表性的进展格外缓慢。对于这种低水平的代表性可以有三种解释。最常见的解释与文化观念有关,第二种强调妇女的社会经济地位。第三种解释认为,选举以及议会体制中存在一些障碍,使得妇女的代表性在立法上被最小化。三种解释都有助于我们对问题的理解,但它们又都存在着本文所指出的重要缺陷。     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的