马科斯:宣誓就职后流亡美国的菲律宾总统

正1986年2月,千岛之国菲律宾举行总统大选,竞选者一方是现任总统费迪南德·马科斯,另一方是前参议员、菲律宾反对党领袖贝尼尼奥·阿基诺的遗孀科拉松·阿基诺夫人。这次民主选举成了一场惊心动魄的政治决斗,瞬息万变,扣人心弦,到底谁能成为最后的赢家呢?"马科斯王朝"的独裁统治这里先介绍一下马科斯和科拉松的概况和菲律宾大选的由来。马科斯于1917年9月11日出生在菲律宾北伊罗戈省的一个官僚     

八十年代以来菲律宾政府的华侨华人政策对华人经济的影响

一移民和归化政策对华人经济的影响1975年4月11日，菲律宾前总统马科斯发布了第270号总统命令书，12月3日发布了总统第836号政令，1976年12月29日又公布了第491号命令书以修正270号命令书，①放宽了入籍的资格，简化了申请手续，为华侨成批加人菲律宾国籍打开了方便之门，积极鼓励华侨归化。上述三项法令的有效实施，加速了华侨入籍成为菲律宾公民的进程。据统计，在1975年至1986年期间，约有20万华侨加入了菲律宾国籍，保留中国国籍的华侨，在1988年初只剩下98625人。②阿基诺总统自1986年2月执政后，先是对马科斯时期成批华侨入籍的做法持…     

马科斯下台是美国人背后捣鬼

7岁时因父亲当选菲律宾总统而一跃贵为“太子”;年仅16岁即以“特使”身份出访中国,拉开菲中建交的序幕;28岁时,父亲的政权被政敌推翻,被迫随父母流亡美国;回国不久便在政坛崛起,如今又要卸掉省长之职,竞选众议员……有人说,在菲律宾,经历过这一传奇式冷暖人生的,只有他——菲律宾前总统马科斯之子、菲北伊罗戈斯省省长邦邦·马科     

关于中世纪德意志“二期农奴制”的几个问题

中世纪晚期,西欧许多农业地区因商品经济的介入而松动了封建关系,并进一步瓦解了农奴制。与西欧其它地区相比,德意志的农产品较早地加入了商品交易中。这是因为早在13世纪德意志就普遍实行了土地的租佃制,农村中有相当一批的个体自由农民。但是,随着粮食贸易的扩大,尤其是粮食贸易加入到远程贸易的交往中后,德意志农村的社会却向着与西欧其它地区相反的方向发展。大领地制更加巩固,自由农民原有的政治权利被剥夺,沉重的劳役重又强加在农民的身上,这些都大大推迟了德意志实现农业资本主义的进程。这种历史现象被历史学家们称之为“二期农奴制”。“二期农奴制”的产生不是历史的偶然,而是有很深的历史渊源,是由多方面的历史原因造成的。     

马科斯夫人 77岁的“花蝴蝶”

“上帝给了她世上所有的东西:美貌和荣华富贵,痛苦和坏名声。”这是菲律宾前第一夫人伊梅尔达·马科斯的朋友对她的评价。伊梅尔达素以奢侈和浮华生活闻名于世,尤其对鞋子和珠宝兴趣浓厚。马科斯政权被推翻后,人们在总统府发现了这位前第一夫人留下的1220双鞋子。据统计,伊梅     

经济英雄

在1988年．菲律宾总统阿基诺夫人访问香港时说,“在国内还有200多万人失业的时候,她们的辛勤劳动应该得到尊敬。”其实不仅仅是阿基诺夫人尊敬菲律宾女佣。从阿基诺夫人的前任——马科斯开始直至现在,历届总统对她们包括所有的海外劳工们都尊敬有加。拉莫斯总统更是进一步重申,每个菲律宾劳工都在养活着5名家乡的亲人．她们是新国家的英雄。     

马科斯时期菲律宾的穆斯林问题

穆斯林分离主义运动是长期困扰菲律宾的民族问题,然而它又不仅仅是民族问题,因为民族矛盾都是一定社会经济环境的产物。西班牙入侵菲律宾之初,菲律宾北部和中部还处于“国家”形成的过程当中,而南部的社会发展水平则比较高,已经出现了像马京达瑙和苏禄这样的早期封建国家。由于直到西班牙殖民统治后期菲律宾南部穆斯林聚居区才被征服,因此该地区长期处于封闭状态,基本上被排斥在资本主义经济发展的范围之外,其社会经济发展在18世纪末、19世纪初反而开始落后于北、中部地区。20世纪初,菲律宾沦为美国的殖民地。美国的殖民政策虽然有别于西班牙,但菲律宾南部与北、中部的差距并未缩小。至菲律宾独立之时,南部地区的社会经济发展已远远落后于北、中部地区。当菲律宾的现代化由北、中部向南部地区推进之时,尤其是马科斯执政时期国家现代化进程加快之时,长期积累下来的穆斯林与菲律宾主体民族他加禄人和米沙鄢人的矛盾便以武装斗争的形式表现出来。     

对里根“民主外交”的思考

对里根“民主外交”的思考卓建明１９８６年２月２５日,统治菲律宾达２０年之久的马科斯政府垮台,权力和平地转移到阿基诺夫人新政府手中。此前不久,统治加勒比岛国海地的克洛德·杜瓦利埃在人民革命风暴中仓皇出逃国外。在不到一个月的时间里,里根的外交接连得分,在...     

“老百姓苦成这个样子,顾不得那么多了!”

60年代初，为纠正农村工作中“左”的错误，中央先后颁发了“十二条”和“六十条”，旨在调动广大农民的积极性，恢复和发展农业生产。文件中规定实行“三级（公社、生产大队、生产队）所有，以生产大队为基本核算单位”。这一决定对公社体制做了一些调整，但并未从根本上解决问题，原因何在？胡开明同志早在整风反右时即开始探索这个问题的根源和治本之策。他先后多次下乡调查研究，向基层干部和群众求教，全面系统地研究了张家口农村的各种数据资料，并以生产力的发展状况为标准衡量政策上的得失。在同我议论农业合作化问题时他就说过：“…     

试论“三农”研究中的农村--农民文化信仰问题研究的方法与意义

中国是一个农业大国，目前还有将近六亿五千万人生活在农村，三十馀年中，市场化与城镇化的浪潮席卷而来，根本动摇了农民的精神世界，而“三农”研究中对此的探讨较少。因此，笔者从农村－农民文化信仰的视角，略陈陋见，并求教于方家。     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

Of BRICs and Brains: Comparing Russia with China,India, and Other Populous Emerging Economies

A noted British economic analyst and observer of current developments in Russia compares that country's emerging economy with those of China, India, eight other populous emerging states, and the United States. The focus of the comparison is on the extent to which these countries exhibit potential for functioning as "knowledge-based" economies. The four pillars of such economies are identified as: (1) an educated and skilled population; (2) a network of R&D institutions; (3) a dynamic information infrastructure; and (4) a regime promoting the development of knowledge. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L86, O30, O57. 1 figure, 19 tables, 91 references.