共查询到10条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
1637年(明崇祯十年)出版的《天工开物》记录了我国古代建筑石灰的消解采用\"置于风中,久自吹化成粉\"的工艺,\"用以砌墙石,则筛去石块,水调黏合\"。为复配\"风吹成粉\"工法并研究采用这种工法得到的石灰性能,实验采用传统立窑对源自浙-皖交界处原材料\"青石\"烧制而成的生石灰使用\"风吹法\"消解,并参照现代标准BS-EN-459-2015等相关检测方法进行性能研究。结果发现\"风吹法\"消解的石灰含有水硬性组分如硅酸二钙等,并具有凝结时间短、强度适中等特点。研究表明,\"风吹\"20~30天左右得到的石灰性能相当于欧洲标准的天然水硬石灰NHL1或NHL2。研究还表明,\"风吹成粉\"的石灰可以用作砌筑、修复、注浆等粘合剂,其快凝等特性非常有利于湿冷环境下的施工。若对文献、明及以前的建筑进一步考证并采取系统全面的深化研究,有望考证出我国380年前的明朝对天然水硬石灰消解及应用技术的掌握程度,并开发出融合中华传统智慧的文物建筑保护材料。 相似文献
2.
Ramadoss Ravi Thirumalini Selvaraj S. K. Sekar 《International Journal of Architectural Heritage》2016,10(6):714-725
Many successful and long lasting structures that contain lime mortars are hydraulic in nature. Organic admixtures are added to lime mortar mix to modify their fresh and hardened state properties. The present work proposes plant extract as bio-admixture for repair mortar towards the protection of heritage structures. The effect of cactus extract on the properties of hydraulic lime mortar is studied. Mortar´s composition is selected with respect to the composition of historic mortars and modern restoration practice. Cactus extract was added to the lime sand mixture with varying concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and with different fermentation periods of 0, 1, and 2 days The consistency and workability of modified mortar, mechanical behavior, water absorption, porosity, and water/salt absorption through capillary rise, salt crystallization have been studied. Micro structural properties of the resulting mortar have been evaluated by XRD and FT-IR to identify their mineralogical composition and morphology by SEM-EDX. It is observed that addition of 75% cactus extract with 1-day fermentation produces maximum positive effect on the strength and durability properties of lime mortar. It improves the mechanical characteristics, limits water and salt absorption by capillarity into mortar and also show resistance to salt crystallization cycles. 相似文献
3.
This paper describes an analysis to validate the effective hydration temperature (EHT) algorithm for obsidian [Rogers, A.K., 2007. Effective hydration temperature of obsidian: a diffusion-theory analysis of time-dependent hydration rates. J. Arch. Sci. 34, 656-665], using hourly temperature data from the Amargosa Desert Research Site near Beatty, NV. These data were used as input to a numerical model of the temperature-dependent diffusion process, and EHT was calculated yearly and for the aggregate. The same temperature data were processed to extract input parameters for the climatic model reported and used as input for EHT computation. EHT as computed from recorded hourly data was found to be within 1 °C of that computed from the climatic model. It is also shown that computed EHT differences between sites are not sensitive to whether air or surface temperature data are used, as long as they are used consistently; however, surface temperature data must be used if depth corrections are to be made. 相似文献
4.
An estimate of effective hydration temperature (EHT) is needed for chronological use of obsidian hydration data. This paper describes a method for calculating EHT by the practicing archaeologist, replacing three techniques that are in general use today: estimates based on mean temperature, numerical integration of models of diurnal and annual temperature variations, and use of temperature cells. The hydration (or diffusion) coefficient of obsidian is a function of temperature and thus is time varying, while the classic quadratic law of hydration is not valid for time-varying diffusion coefficients. This paper presents a mathematical solution to the case of a time-varying hydration coefficient, based on diffusion theory, with a concise definition of EHT. It is shown that the results are not affected by concentration dependence in the diffusion coefficient. A computer program to compute the rigorous solution is described, and data are presented to explore the resulting range of variation. That use of the Lee equation to compute EHT is not appropriate for obsidian hydration studies is evident from the data presented. The effects of paleoclimatic variation are estimated, and an algebraic best fit equation and worksheet are provided as practical aids to the archaeologist. 相似文献
5.
Paul Bishop Carmen Cuenca-Garcia Richard Jones Duncan Cook 《Industrial archaeology review》2017,39(1):38-58
Lime is a fundamental component in many industrial, agricultural and chemical processes, and is itself produced by an industrial process, namely, the heating in kilns (calcining, or more colloquially ‘burning’) of calcium carbonate rock or other carbonate material. Research and literature on lime burning in Scotland, based largely on lime production in Scotland's eastern Central Belt, are dominated by the view that lime burning in draw kilns is the paradigm for Scottish lime production. Other parts of Scotland, however, largely or completely ignored, draw kilns in favour of simpler clamp kilns, even in major industrial sites of lime production. This paper reports our map- and field-based surveys in Scotland's western Central Belt, which clearly point to the enduring importance and almost exclusive use of clamp kilns in that area's historical lime-burning industry. 相似文献
6.
Samples of ancient Indian lime plaster have not previously been analysed. Excavation of a seventh century AD baked brick structure provided the necessary samples for a detailed laboratory examination of plaster. The plaster samples were studied by chemical and petrographic methods. The probable sources of lime and sand were indicated by the mineralogy. 相似文献
7.
对我国从明代到民国的建筑灰浆的化学成分、矿物成分等分析发现,部分砌筑及抹灰灰浆为镁质石灰,MgO含量达到5%~26%。特别是取自河北、北京等地长城的传统石灰样品全部为镁质石灰。镁质石灰与钙质石灰比较,具有强度高、吸水率低的特点,从而具有更佳的抗冻融性能。此外,镁质石灰收缩低、易于施工。镁质石灰煅烧需要的温度低于钙质石灰,能耗低。鉴于传统镁质石灰在中国的研究尚为空白,建议系统地开展镁质石灰研究,研究内容包括原材料类型及分布、煅烧温度、消解方式、配比优化等。同时宜研究镁质石灰在严重大气污染下的耐久性及镁质石灰相关建筑遗产的保护修复技术等。 相似文献
8.
The paper refers to the analytical characterization of Roman painted plasters dating back to the second century ad . The following techniques were used: optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS), micro‐Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (µ‐Raman and FT–IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRPD), colorimetry and thermal analyses (TG/DTA). The investigation analysed the chemical composition and structure of the plasters, the chemical composition of the pigment layers, the use of binders and any chemical alteration of pigments as well as deterioration of the samples. Stratigraphic analysis of plasters allowed identification of their individual components, which proved helpful in finding out more about the mural painting technique employed. 相似文献
9.
Most archaeologists using obsidian hydration dating (OHD) in the United States develop hydration rates from association of obsidian hydration rims with dates based on radiocarbon, subsequently using the rate for chronometric analysis. The overall accuracy of the process has never been quantified. This paper reports an accuracy analysis in which sources of uncertainty are defined and modeled and their effects quantified. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to quantify errors from rate development, while uncertainties in age resulting from chronometric analysis are calculated analytically. For typical ranges of error values, hydration rate errors of ∼5% or less are achievable in the absence of systematic errors, with errors of chronometric age estimates ∼20–30% or less. 相似文献
10.
We conducted an identification of a substance isolated from a T‐shaped ornamental element excavated from a Globular Amphora Culture tomb at the Kowal 14 archaeological site in Poland. 14C dating indicated 4105 ± 35 bp (POZ‐21912) and 3990 ± 50 bp (POZ‐21910). Analytical methods such as SEM–EDS, XRD and FT–IR were applied to study the origin of its structure. The results of instrumental analysis and the archaeological context indicate that the adhesive substance investigated consists mainly of calcium carbonate (calcite, 78–88%), silica dioxide (quartz), sodium aluminium silicate (albite) and potassium aluminium silicate (microcline). The material might be a man‐made, mineral adhesive, a kind of lime mortar. The object is considered as the oldest European finding of this type outside the Mediterranean Basin. It provides evidence for the use of the lime calcination process in Central Europe as early as in the Late Neolithic, for which there were—up to now—no convincing premises. 相似文献