安徽太湖西风禅寺摩崖石刻调查报告

对安徽省文物保护单位西风禅寺摩崖石刻进行现场调查及分析检测,经XRD等实验检测得出西风禅寺摩崖石刻载体岩石为风化程度较轻的片麻岩。西风禅寺摩崖石刻露天保存,存在载体病害以及本体病害。石刻表面存在植物病害,有苔藓、地衣、霉菌等微生物生长,存在表层片状剥落、孔洞状风化和表面溶蚀等表层风化,以及机械损伤、裂隙、表面污染与变色等病害。其中一处石刻因人工水源冲刷而存在严重风化,另有两处石刻载体在地震工况下处于失稳状态。     

中英界碑的现状与保护

中英界碑包括陆路界碑、海关关碑和海域界碑,是英殖民主义者侵略和瓜分中国领土的历史见证.中英街上的陆路界碑是英国"展拓香港界址"并在"新界"北部地区实施勘界后,至今保留下来的最具有历史价值的文物.由于时间长久和自然、人为等因素的影响,中英街界碑遭受了不同程度的损伤和破坏.为了研究界碑的保护方法,对中英街上1～8号界碑的地理分布情况,风化、生物病害、表面污染与变色、机械损伤等病害主要类型和形成病害的相应原因进行了详细的调查、分析和研究,针对界碑保存现状和病害特征提出清洗、表面防护、防水、排水和环境整治等有效方法对界碑进行保护,以恢复其原有面貌,延长其保存寿命,使之更好地发挥爱国主义教育作用.中英街界碑的保护方法对中英海关和海域界碑的保护具有借鉴作用.     

石质文物风化病害研究及无损微损检测方法

本文讨论了石质文物风化病害的类型及影响因素;总结了目前国内外对石质文物风化程度指标的研究现状,梳理了目前国内外岩体或岩石风化程度的表征指标(包括定性和定量指标),同时对目前石质文物风化病害常用的无损或微损检测方法进行了回顾。     

临洮哥舒翰纪功碑岩层矿物分析

临洮哥舒翰纪功碑保存至今已有1200年左右的历史,现为省级文物保护单位。由于一直采取户外半露天保存,长期日晒雨淋,碑体表面风蚀、风化严重,急需采取加固保护措施。在前期现状调查基础上,本研究工作运用偏光显微镜、X～射线荧光、X一射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜能谱分析,通过对石碑材质及临洮砂岩矿物组成、构成及化学成分,岩石物理、水理与力学性质相关参数的测定,岩层构造结构、形态综合分析。分析结果表明：石碑材质为砂岩,与临洮地表砂岩矿物组成基本相同,显然制作原料为就地取材;临洮砂岩属于细粒长石石英砂岩,矿物成分主要包括石英、长石（斜长石、少量的K-长石）、绿泥石、黑云母和含钙质为主的胶结物,其中,含石英54％,斜长石16％,钙质胶结物20％;石碑岩层孔隙度较大、吸水性高,石碑岩层钙质胶结物含量高,易受外部环境因素影响和侵蚀,表面岩层易发生风蚀、风化;保存环境因素温湿度频繁变化,即温湿度日较差值波动较大,致使石碑岩层结构易发生冻融、风化病害。总之,研究工作中运用多种测试、分析手段,所得出的实验数据、分析结果与相关现状调查结果相互印证．可以为后期方案的制定和实施提供信息和技术支撑。     

论承德安远庙石质文物的保护

本文对承德安远庙石质文物现状及病害进行了调查分析,同时针对病害类型表面污染、泛盐、风化、裂隙、空鼓等提出了相应的修复及保护措施。     

临洮哥舒翰纪功碑保存现状调查

哥舒翰纪功碑保存至今已有1200多年的历史,现为甘肃省省级重要文物。笔者为配合石碑修复保护方案编写工作,对其保存现状进行了调查。由于该碑的保存方式一直是户外半露天保存,长期遭受日晒雨淋,加之石碑材质自身的缺陷,表面岩层风化、剥蚀严重,并有向岩层内部发展的趋势;同时,岩层矿物分析结果表明,石碑矿物成分由石英、斜长石、钾长石、黑云母、绿泥石和电气石等碎屑物组成;胶结物组分较复杂,局部较富集,主要以钙质为主,含少量硅质和铁质。另外,保存环境及影响因素评估结果表明,石碑当前保存环境恶劣。综合调查结果,笔者认为,石碑保护形势严峻、不容乐观,亟需实施抢救性的加固保护。     

隆兴寺康乾御碑现状与记载不符原因探考

正定隆兴寺大悲阁月台前东西两侧碑亭内现分别立有清康熙五十二年(1713)《御制隆兴寺碑》和乾隆四十五年(1780)《重修正定隆兴大佛寺记》御碑,然而在乾隆十三年(1748)的《敕建隆兴寺志》中,二碑亭内竖立的分别是康熙五十二年(1713)《御制隆兴寺碑》汉、满文碑,二碑碑阳、碑阴的现状与记载明显不符。综合分析文献资料,此状成因系清乾隆四十三年(1778)至四十六年(1781)隆兴寺奉敕大修时,钦工周元理为将乾隆御碑立于寺院显要位置,将原康熙五十二年(1713)满文碑碑阳文字打磨掉,改刻乾隆四十五年(1780)御书《重修正定隆兴大佛寺记》于其上,碑阴亦随之进行了改动。     

地面核磁共振方法在石质文物保护中的应用

石质文物破坏问题不仅在于人为破坏和表面污染,更多来自自然因素对文物的破坏,例如,日晒雨淋、风沙吹蚀、地表水的冲刷、地震、地下水的侵蚀溶蚀。为对第六批全国重点文物保护单位阳华岩摩崖石刻露天石质文物病害进行探查,采用无损探测的地面核磁共振方法和探地雷达方法,直接找水的地面核磁共振方法成功探测出摩崖石刻依附岩体地层含水分布状况。探地雷达方法探测出依附岩山体内岩溶、裂隙的发育状况。两种方法探测结果发现,石刻依附岩体内岩溶、裂隙发育,部分区域岩溶裂隙带已成为地下水汇聚场所或流通通道,对阳华岩摩崖石刻构成了极为严峻的侵蚀威胁。两种方法解释结果互为验证,研究结果为阳华岩摩崖石刻的病害治理和保护提供了宝贵的基础资料。     

隋栖岩道场舍利塔碑的科学分析与保护修复

隋栖岩道场舍利塔碑是第一批全国书法艺术名碑,碑文字体具魏碑向唐楷过渡的书法风格,碑文内容也为研究隋代佛教和佛寺发展提供了重要的实物资料,具有重要的艺术价值和史料价值。保护修复前,碑座表面溶蚀、裂隙病害较多,碑身断裂病害严重,残块多达百余块。相比以往报道的馆藏石质文物保护修复案例,其断裂病害极为典型,保护修复实践具有一定的示范意义。 本研究利用XRF、XRD、Raman、超景深视频显微系统及万能材料试验机等仪器对隋栖岩道场舍利塔碑的材质、病害及粘接材料性能进行了科学分析,并结合三维数字化和有限元仿真分析确立了碑座和碑身分离保存或展示的保护修复思路。同时,结合保管和展陈实际需要,设计并制作了专用移动保护平台,通过清洗、粘接、补全等系列石质文物保护修复措施对碑座和碑身分别进行了保护修复,基本恢复了碑身原貌,使文物处于相对稳定和安全的状态。 相比以往石碑保护修复实践,在以下三个方面做出拓展:其一,较为全面地分析了石碑的病害和材质,揭示了病害和材料特征;其二,借助三维扫描和有限元分析技术对断裂石碑的复原进行了数字化模拟和安全性评估,从有利于文物安全和保护的角度确定了碑座和碑身分离、碑身侧立放置的保护修复实施方案,提高了保护修复的科学性;其三,结合文物保存和展陈需要,设计制作了专用的移动保护平台,既实现了石碑的安全保存,又有利于后期的展示和利用。 本研究注重现代科学技术与传统修复相结合,为断裂石质文物的保护修复积累了经验,提供了技术借鉴,对于推动有限元分析在可移动文物保护修复中的应用,提高文物保护修复的科学性具有一定的积极作用。     

“四神云气图”壁画现状检测与预防性保护对策

为了解"四神云气图"壁画的保存状况,采用便携式显微镜、便携式X射线荧光光谱仪、色差仪、红外热成像等分析设备,通过无损分析技术对"四神云气图"进行了科学检测。并结合壁画的保存现状及保存环境,提出了建立壁画预防性保护的基本对策。     

3D Digital Documentation,Assessment, and Damage Quantifi cation of the Al-Deir Monument in the Ancient City of Petra,Jordan

Abstract

The rock-cut monuments in the ancient city of Petra in Jordan form an outstanding tangible heritage site. Unfortunately, this important part of the world's cultural heritage is gradually being diminished due to weathering and erosion problems. In this research, an approach combining in situ surveying and laboratory analysis is applied in order to provide sufficient and comprehensive data regarding the documentation and evaluation of the status of the Al-Deir monument in Petra. The purpose was not only to quantify the damage, but also to make a first step towards creating a 3D monitoring programme of the deterioration rate. The approach presents a correlation study between the environmental condition and the surface weathering damage, using 2D mapping of the weathering form and accurate 3D realistic modelling from laser scanning and digital photogrammetry. The 2D mapping provides detailed weathering damage information for the entire stone surface of the monument, whereas the 3D modelling provides information on the spatial distribution and texture of the damage. Additionally, the 3D digital model can provide reference data as an exact guide to the restoration needed. In order to support the visual presentation of 3D surface details, a hybrid approach combining data from laser scanning and digital imagery was developed.

Studies of stone texture and spatial distribution of soluble salts were carried out at the monument in order to explain the mechanism of the weathering problem. Relative humidity, temperature, and wind are the main factors in the salt damage process. In order to study the effect of these conditions in the salt crystallization process a series of fieldwork investigations and laboratory work were undertaken. The results show that visible zoning of weathering damage is correlated to different salt concentrations.     

文物劣化定量分析与评价软件系统

目前,我国文物行业病害分析通常是定性描述,从而导致病害分析对比性差、档案价值差。为了实现对文物劣化的定量分析和系统评价,对AutoCAD进行了二次开发,建立了文物劣化定量分析与评价软件系统。通过对软件系统开发思路和特点的介绍,证实了用AutoCAD软件解决实际问题中的专业化和本地化的可能性和必要性。     

Monitoring the Environmental Risks Around Medinet Habu and Ramesseum Temple at West Luxor,Egypt, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Today, the preservation of cultural heritage is a pressing issue especially for territories subjected to a long period of human action that could adversely influence environment and heritage properties, thus producing a deterioration of archaeological features and alteration of historical landscape. In this paper, the environmental risks and their effects on preservation issues are investigated for the archaeological area of the Luxor city (south of Egypt) where the most famous Temples in Egypt are located. A comprehensive analysis has been conducted for the Ramesseum and Medinet Habu temples considering their building material and characteristics, environmental (geological and hydrological) setting, and past and ongoing changes around the monument areas. Satellite multitemporal images have been used to detect all the changes mainly linked to the expansion of urban and agriculture areas. Results from the analysis conducted along with in situ investigations have suggested that many of the environmental problems around the archaeological areas are coming as a result of urban and agriculture sprawling. Both of them strongly influence the distribution in the levels of groundwater which along with temperature are considered as the main causes of the deterioration process affecting the Medinet Habu and Ramesseum temple. The degree of weathering damage appears to be much more dependent on exposure characteristics of the investigation areas, especially as related to salt weathering processes. Innovative solutions to support the preservation of these temples are herein presented and discussed.     

康熙《皇舆全览图》和《乾隆十三排图》中广东地区图面内容的比较研究——兼与广西地区对比

康熙《皇舆全览图》系清初官方主导实测的经纬度地图,对清代直至民国初期地图的绘制产生深远影响。对其数字化可为自然、人文要素变迁研究提供这一时间断面具有相对准确位置的地理数据,这对自然要素的变迁研究尤为重要。以图中广东地区为例,采用不同的地图配准方法,结合历史文献,分析《乾隆十三排图》对康熙《皇舆全览图》的继承与发展,并与之前有关广西的数字化研究作比较。研究发现《乾隆十三排图》以康熙《皇舆全览图》为基础,使用相同的坐标系,但是两个地区坐标系的偏移程度不同,主要与地理配准方式有关;图面内容的承继也有差异,这与清初对两个地区开发程度有关。     

董邦达《四美具合幅图》的创作、陈设及其意涵

本文以图像、文献和档案为基础,试图藉诸种材料的分析,阐述董邦达奉乾隆皇帝之命绘制《四美具合幅图》的缘由,以及作者对绘画主题、题材、风格、构图的选取,通过分析作品从母本到成品的制作过程,力求揭示出皇帝、词臣和画家在创作中的意愿和互动。作者试图借助个案分析,揭示词臣画家在乾隆宫廷内艺术风格的形及其发展过程中的种种复杂性。此外,作者对绘画史研究     

乾隆朝清宫十八罗汉唐卡名相解析

藏、汉两地佛教经典及佛学之传播,直承印度晚出之大乘佛学,但罗汉信仰却在两地佛教中均占一席之地,尤其是于汉藏两地家喻户晓的十六罗汉(后演绎成十八罗汉),不仅与佛和菩萨一样成为信徒崇拜的对象,而且以之为题材的绘塑作品更是广泛流传,及至帝廷内苑亦多有供奉收藏。清乾隆时期为安抚蒙藏势力而极力推崇藏传佛教,此信仰尤以宫中为盛,帝室庋藏、绘制及供奉有大量藏风浓郁的十六或十八罗汉唐卡组画,其名称、图像特征、排列顺序乃至绘画风格等与清官旧藏的内地各派罗汉图相比,同中存异。乾隆帝及藏传佛教大师们在对藏密佛像进行大规模系统化与规范化的同时,也涉及了汉藏两地十分流行的十六、十八罗汉,并在此基础上逐渐形成了具有乾隆时期清宫特色的十八罗汉图像标准。     

The Gallo-Roman sanctuary at Grand,France: II The protection and development of the amphitheatre

Abstract

The amphitheatre at the Gallo-Roman sanctuary in Grand (France, Département des Vosges) is an outstanding example given its non-Mediterranean location. The clearing of rubble from its remains, between 1963 and 1977, led to the masonry deteriorating rapidly due to weathering. The installation over part of the monument of a protective covering, incorporating tiers of seating, constitutes a technological first, as it is made of glued-laminated softwood constructed to demanding specifications. The covering serves to protect and reconstruct part of the amphitheatre, in which it is now intended to hold cultural events. This type of development requires careful planning regarding practical arrangements, marketing strategy and artistic issues.     

康雍乾时期的贵州山地文化观

清代康雍乾时期派到贵州地方官员的奏折、疏言、著述和皇帝的上谕、朱批、圣旨等所构成一系列对治理贵州的决策及实施过程,正记述了对贵州山地、山地民族和山地文化及其特征的认识过程,形成了独特的贵州山地文化观,在贵州社会历史发展中起到了重要作用,至今仍有参考价值。     

Coalport Bridge: A Study in Historical Interpretation

Abstract

Industrial archaeologists frequently demand the preservation of monuments. Such preservation can be justified on the grounds that a monument has an educational function, or sometimes that it has potential for excavation. It is the purpose of this article to suggest that a surviving monument continually poses questions about its own past, and about wider historical issues, and to show how the understanding of one particular monument, the Coalport Bridge, has increased over the last twelve years, not just because new documentary sources have come to light, but because it has been possible to use the evidence of the structure itself to test the authenticity of other sources.