书画文物原装裱保护性修复——以《宋艳艳女史草虫花蝶图卷》为例

现今对书画文物原装裱的修复保护越来越得到重视,《宋艳艳女史草虫花蝶图卷》为上海博物馆藏重要文物,虽然已非宋代原装,但现装裱也已经有一百多年历史,流传至今装裱已出现包首磨损残缺,天头前部残缺,天杆处开裂,覆背首端严重拱起等病害,亟需修复。修复采用保留文物装裱原貌及改善原裱不合理处的方案,通过将包首与天头分离,分别进行修复后,再复位还原;去除不合理"引条"纸以改善局部拱起不平的现状;以及对原包首边缘做皮纸包边保护,以提高老材料的强度。修复后的包首和天头恢复完整,原先因加"引条"纸而拱起严重的部位变得平整柔软,更有利于今后的展示和收藏。     

唐杨会墓石棺彩绘颜料的分析研究

为了科学认知出土于陕西省榆林市靖边县的唐杨会墓彩绘颜料,本工作利用拉曼光谱和带能谱仪的扫描电镜对杨会墓石棺上的有代表性的六个彩绘颜料样品进行分析研究。结果表明其绿色为石绿,白色为铅白、黑色为炭黑、褐色为铅丹与密陀僧的混合颜料,红色为朱砂,粉色为铅丹与铅白的混合颜料,含铅颜料保存良好,未发现变色情况。本研究将为相关考古学研究和文物保护提供重要信息。     

山东长清灵岩寺宋代罗汉像彩绘分析研究

山东省济南市长清区灵岩寺彩绘罗汉像是我国宋代泥塑罗汉的代表作,具有极高的历史、艺术和科学价值。但罗汉像保存现状较差,彩塑存在颜料脱落、残损、酥碱等病害,亟待保护修复。为此,本工作选取彩绘脱落严重的两尊宋代彩塑罗汉像,利用光学显微镜(OM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等分析其彩绘颜料样品。结果表明,彩绘罗汉像从塑制之初至今,经过数次彩绘,可确定的多达六次。黑色颜料为炭黑(C);红色颜料为朱砂(HgS),铅丹(Pb_3O_4),以及朱砂、铁红(Fe_2O_3)和方解石(CaCO_3)混合物;绿色颜料为巴黎绿(Cu(C_2H_3O_2)·3Cu(AsO_2)_2)和舍勒绿(Cu(AsO_2)_2),还发现有斜氯铜矿(CuCl(OH)_3)及其与铅白(2PbCO_3·Pb(OH)_2)的混合物;橙色颜料为铅铬黄(PbCrO_4)和铅丹混合物;蓝色颜料为蓝铜矿(2CuCO_3·Cu(OH)_2),人工合成群青(Na_3CaAl_3Si_3O_(12)S);白色颜料为铅白和方解石;黄色颜料为铁黄(FeO(OH));金色为金箔(Au);沥粉的主要成分是方解石。白色底层为铅白和以硅、铝、钙为主的细白土。彩塑罗汉像重绘过程中,保持了将细白土作为底层和衣领镶边沥粉贴金的传统。彩绘颜料所用铅铬黄、巴黎绿、舍勒绿表明,彩塑罗汉像最近一次彩绘在清末之际,与文献记载相符,且这些人工颜料应是西方舶来之物。本分析研究结果为灵岩寺罗汉像艺术史研究提供了丰富信息,同时为保护修复工作开展提供了可靠依据。     

清彩绘莲花生大师像唐卡绘制材料研究

利用超景深显微观察、扫描电镜能谱、显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱等分析方法对待修复清彩绘莲花生大师像唐卡的绘制材料进行综合分析,研究结果表明,清彩绘莲花生大师像唐卡画布材质为棉纤维,部分装裱布料使用了丝纤维,绘制颜料主要使用了群青、炭黑、铅丹、朱砂、雌黄等矿物颜料。     

陕西安康紫阳北五省会馆壁画颜料分析研究

陕西安康紫阳北五省会馆壁画是目前陕西省境内发现的最大的一处建筑壁画,为了解其颜料组成,本工作采用X射线荧光、偏光显微镜、X射线衍射、激光显微拉曼光谱及扫描电镜能谱分析相结合的分析方法,对颜料样品进行了分析。结果表明,北五省会馆壁画除正殿发现一处红色染料外,其他均为无机颜料;红色颜料主要是铅丹、朱砂、铁红;绿色颜料为氯铜矿、石绿、斜氯铜矿;蓝色颜料的主要成分是普鲁士蓝、smalt、石青;黄色颜料为雌黄、铁黄;褐色颜料的主要成分是铁红及铅丹的变色产物二氧化铅;黑色为炭黑;白色颜料主要是铅白,且多使用铅白作为调色颜料。研究结果对于了解清代民间壁画的制作工艺,丰富对陕西建筑壁画的认识具有重要意义。     

馆藏唐代彩绘人物俑颜料分析与修复保护

为确定深圳博物馆藏唐代彩绘人物俑颜料的矿物成分,利用X射线荧光能谱仪、X-射线衍射仪等对这批俑的颜料成分进行了分析,结果表明:红色颜料为铅丹、朱砂;黑色颜料为无定形碳黑;白色颜料为铅白和高岭土等.同时,将其与陕西省内相关地区的彩绘陶俑或壁画颜料进行了对比,得知其所使用的颜料与后者基本一致.在此基础上,针对这批人物俑的保存现状,遵循最小干预等文物保护的基本原则,对其实施了表面附着物清理、拼对、粘接、修复补全等保护修复技术措施,使其恢复了原有面貌,取得了较为理想的保护效果.     

清王原祁《杜甫诗意图》巨轴的保护修复

因年代久远,清王原祁《杜甫诗意图》轴的画芯与原装裱普遍存在水渍、断裂、折痕、残缺等病害现象,急需进行修复保护。结合对原装裱工艺、材料、病害分析研究结果,采用部分保留原装裱的方法进行保护修复,替换原装裱的天地头,保留原隔水边框、签条和轴头,为防止大尺寸绢本画芯"迸裂"现象,使用了棉料扎花纸和楮皮纸合托做成命纸。通过修复恢复了文物原貌,真实全面地保留书画原有的装裱及历史信息,有利于文物长期保存、陈列和研究。     

重庆钓鱼城遗址悬空卧佛彩绘颜料初步分析

钓鱼城悬空卧佛造像系创作于晚唐时期的一尊巨型石刻,具有极高的历史、艺术、科学、宗教价值,但造像保存现状较差,存在颜料脱落、酥碱粉化、起甲等病害,亟待保护修复。为了解悬空卧佛彩绘颜料层的成分与结构,采用金相显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线荧光(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等多种现代方法与技术对彩绘样品进行了分析。结果表明:所用红色颜料为铁红、铅丹;蓝色颜料为群青;绿色颜料为碱式氯化铜;青色颜料为墨绿砷铜矿;白色颜料为硫酸铅;局部有贴金。结果还表明,该造像历史上曾多次重绘。本研究成果以期填补钓鱼城悬空卧佛研究的空白,同时为修复工作的开展提供科学依据。     

故宫博物院藏唐卡典型病害修复方法探索——以颜料开裂、脱落为例

本文针对故宫博物院藏绘制唐卡画心部分颜料层产生的典型病害——颜料开裂和颜料脱落为重点,对病害产生的原因和修复方法进行探索。作者依据院藏唐卡颜料调查,模拟制作了十种唐卡常用矿物颜料与不同比例动物胶调和的70组颜料色块,通过自然老化和人为干预使色块在短期内加速产生颜料开裂和脱落病害,进而实施动物胶加固和补色修复实验,旨在通过观察修复效果,印证修复方法的可行性。     

内蒙古美岱召壁画制作材料分析

美岱召位于内蒙古包头市土默特右旗,是藏传佛教格鲁派传入内蒙后建立的第一座黄教寺庙,其壁画绘制时间集中在明清时期。利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜能谱、X射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱及黏土粒度分析等方法分别对美岱召壁画颜料、地仗样品及当地土样进行了分析。结果表明,壁画颜料多为无机矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为朱砂、铅丹、铁红,蓝色颜料为群青,绿色颜料为氯铜矿,白色颜料为铅白、立德粉、碳酸钙,黄色颜料为铅黄、雌黄。地仗主要成分为石英,伴有少量长石及方解石。壁画绘制时在墙体分别涂麦草泥粗泥地仗、掺加麻纤维的细泥地仗,然后进行绘画,存在有白粉层和无白粉层两种工艺。     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

Die Kunst des Anschlags. Elisabeth Caland und die Physio‐Ästhetik des Klavierspiels

The Art of Touch. Elisabeth Caland and the Physio‐Aesthetics of Piano Playing The issue of how it is possible to play the piano without striking it was raised by Chopin: one must ‘caresser’ and not ‘frapper’ the piano. In her teachings on the art of piano playing, Elisabeth Caland (1862–1929) attempts to articulate a scientifically grounded solution to this complex (kin‐)aesthetic problem. The solution turns on her intuitively discovered ‘lowering of the shoulderblades’ which was documented in 1904, through X‐rays, by the Berlin physiologist René du Bois‐Reymond, and recorded as a way of coordinating movement which had been unknown to physiology up to that time. Caland's physio‐aesthetic of piano playing, which she worked out on the basis of du Bois‐Reymond's observations, turns on the ideal of ‘floating sound’ put forward by her teacher Ludwig Deppe, and on Ferruccio Busoni's technique of piano playing. Her method makes essential use of what Feldenkrais would later call the ‘sixth sense’ (i.e. proprioceptive perception); in fact, it represents the first modern kinaesthetically based conception of piano playing. Caland's doctrine of touch was ahead of its time and it virtually disappeared from discussions of piano technique after 1930. But it has become accessible again through reprints of her most important writings: Deppe's doctrine of piano playing (1897), Sources of power in piano playing (1904), and Artistic piano playing (1910).