养心殿宝匣内五色珠饰的科学分析

故宫养心殿屋脊内宝匣中有紫、蓝、绿、黄、褐五色珠饰,本文采用实体显微镜、微束X射线荧光光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜和X射线断层扫描等设备对养心殿宝匣中的五色珠饰进行分析,结果表明紫色珠饰为紫水晶,剩余四色珠饰实为玻璃材质。基于玻璃的显微观察、成分分析、制作工艺及风化产物的分析研究,加深了对这些玻璃的认知,对此类来源于建筑物宝匣内珠饰的保护工作提供了基础依据。     

鸿山越墓出土战国玻璃的无损分析及相关认识

结合X射线衍射分析(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱分析(LRS)和便携式能量色散X射线荧光分析(P-XRF)技术,对鸿山越墓出土的战国玻璃进行了无损分析,根据化学成分分析结果将其划分为铅钡硅酸盐玻璃和钾钙硅酸盐玻璃两大体系。结合考古学研究结果,初步认为鸿山越墓出土玻璃可能与楚国有密切关系,是东周时期越楚之间文化交流的实物见证。     

西安鱼化寨遗址出土黑陶的初步分析研究

本文采用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、拉曼光谱仪和偏光显微镜对西安鱼化寨遗址出土的一个黑陶残片样品进行了初步的分析研究,为新石器时期黑陶的制作工艺研究提供参考资料。     

湖北省出土战国玻璃制品的科技分析与研究

结合外束质子激发X射线荧光分析和X射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱分析技术,对湖北省出土的17件战国早期到中晚期的玻璃制品进行了无损伤分析。结果表明:这些玻璃分别属于Na2O-CaO-SiO2、K2O-CaO-SiO2和PbO-BaO-SiO2体系。首次在陶制器物上发现PbO-BaO-SiO2玻璃态釉层。对这些玻璃器物的着色特征,胎体、芯层材料的化学成分、制作技术等进行了分析,并与世界其他地区同时期或更早的玻璃制品进行了概要比较。初步探讨了所分析样品的可能产地和技术起源。     

合浦汉墓出土绿柱石宝石珠饰的科学分析

采用便携式拉曼光谱仪对广西合浦出土的新莽(8—23年)和东汉(25—220年)晚期的宝石珠饰进行了原位无损分析,新发现了一批在外观上极易被误认为各色水晶的绿柱石族矿物(如海蓝宝石和透绿柱石)制作而成的浅蓝色和无色透明珠饰。利用手持式显微镜对绿柱石宝石珠饰的穿孔形状、孔径大小及其内部微痕特征进行了观察分析,参考南亚和东南亚同时期石质珠饰的钻孔工艺及钻具研究成果,认为这批绿柱石珠饰采用了钻石钻头双面对钻钻孔工艺。结合南亚地区宝石资源、出土绿柱石宝石珠饰及其钻孔工艺和加工作坊等情况,认为这批绿柱石宝石珠饰是由南亚经海上丝绸之路输入的舶来品。研究结果为探讨汉代中国南方与南亚和东南亚的经济和文化交流提供了有益信息,有助于提高对古代海上丝绸之路这一贸易网络在传播珍贵物品的认识。     

郑韩故城出土战国晚期铁器腐蚀产物分析

为了分析郑韩故城遗址出土战国晚期铁器的锈蚀产物类型,采用X射线衍射和金相显微观察等现代科技手段,对郑韩故城遗址内仓城铸铁遗址出土的13件样品进行综合研究。通过分析比较样品间的锈蚀程度,发现铁质文物的锈蚀机理复杂,成分多样;一些锈蚀产物中出现明显的分层,锈蚀不均;部分铁器中还存在着活性锈蚀物,其保存状态与金相组织有着密切关系。     

昙石山遗址出土纺轮研究(下)

本文通过对福建省昙石山遗址及闽江下游流域同类型遗址中出土的纺轮进行观察和比较分析,总结了昙石山遗址出土纺轮的基本特征,对其制作方法、技术和工具进行了阐释,探讨了各时期不同型式纺轮的使用情况及其所反映的当地的史前纺织水平,最后对纺轮纹饰和随葬纺轮现象进行了详细的调查和分析,并探索了其文化内涵。     

昙石山遗址出土纺轮研究(上)

本文通过对福建省昙石山遗址及闽江下游流域同类型遗址中出土的纺轮进行观察和比较分析,总结了昙石山遗址出土纺轮的基本特征,对其制作方法、技术和工具进行了阐释,探讨了各时期不同型式纺轮的使用情况及其所反映的当地的史前纺织水平,最后对纺轮纹饰和纺轮随葬现象进行了详细的调查和分析,并探索了其文化内涵。     

广西越州故城遗址玻璃珠饰的科学研究

本研究利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱分析、共聚焦激光拉曼光谱分析、光学相干层析成像、超景深光学显微观测等多种方法对广西越州故城遗址出土的印度-太平洋玻璃珠饰进行科技分析,获取了玻璃珠的化学成分、物相结构、内部物理结构、表面显微形貌等综合物理化学信息,确定了玻璃珠的玻璃体系、制作工艺(着色工艺、成形工艺)和产地来源,探讨了以丝绸之路为主线的国内发现魏晋南北朝时期印度-太平洋玻璃珠可能的输入路线。广西越州故城遗址发现的印度-太平洋玻璃珠为中外文明交流提供了新实物证据,对深入研究我国南北朝时期中外文明交流具有十分重要的学术价值和研究意义。     

四川汉源麦坪遗址出土陶器成分分析与研究

通过X射线荧光(XRF)法对麦坪遗址出土新石器时代和商周时期的62件陶器进行成分检测分析,发现新石器时代陶器中的P2O5成分含量远高于商周时期陶器,其平均值从3.58%下降到1.28%,表明该区域陶器采用了高磷含量的原材料。这一规律与狮子山、龙王庙新石器时代遗址类似,证明它们在制陶工艺上采用了类似原料配方。类似的陶器制作工艺、相似的陶器风格,充分说明汉源谷地新石器时代遗址群为同一文化面貌。采用高磷含量原材料这一技术手段,明显有别于汉源谷地周边同时期遗址,也为汉源谷地新石器时代遗址群为一新的文化类型提供了有力佐证。     

三峡地区土洞墓年代与源流考

根据青瓷盘口壶的演变规律,1997年湖北省巴东县雷家坪遗址发现的一座土坑洞室墓的年代应为晚唐或五代时期。土坑洞室墓在三峡地区出现和流行可能与安史之乱有关。     

Identification of PbO (BaO) faience from an early and middle Warring States period cemetery at Zhaitouhe,northern Shaanxi,China

Low‐temperature vitreous materials fluxed with lead (and barium) appeared in the early Warring States period (c.fifth century bce ) in ancient China. A range of lead vitreous products fluxed with the same agent, including faience/glass beads, glazed pottery and Chinese blue (purple) pigment, were developed subsequently. This study carries out scientific analysis of six vitreous beads unearthed from the Zhaitouhe cemetery site in northern Shaanxi dating to the early and middle Warring States period to investigate their chemical composition, microstructure and coloration. The lead (and barium) vitreous beads identified here are some of the earliest lead vitreous materials discovered in China so far, and therefore important for the study of the development of lead vitreous technologies in ancient China. This paper also points out that it is meaningful to evaluate the lead glass, glazed pottery and barium copper silicate pigments as a whole technological assemblage given their close relationships.     

Beads from a mediaeval pilgrim centre: Chemical composition and provenance of glass from Banganarti,Nubia, Sudan

Christian Nubia was a region with intensive transcultural connections that are visible through the understudied overseas glass bead imports found there. This paper presents the results of an analysis of 20 glass beads from Banganarti, a Christian pilgrim site active during the Makuria kingdom (mid-sixth to 14th centuries CE). Compositional analyses using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have identified glass belonging to a number of broad compositional groups. Two beads were made of mineral soda-lime glass, dated before the mid-ninth century CE. Numerous beads were made from plant ash-soda-lime glass associated with “Mesopotamian” production dated between the eighth and 10th centuries CE. Lead-soda-silica glass has parallels in the ninth–10th centuries glass found in Africa and Europe. One plant ash-soda-lime bead was of eastern Mediterranean origin dated after the 10th century CE. Results of this study provide new evidence for provenance and chronology of glass beads available in the mediaeval Northeast Africa as well as contribute new data to the research on the pilgrim and/or trade routes of that time.     

The Archaeometry and Archaeology of Ancient Chinese Glass: a Review

This paper provides a new review of archaeometric research carried out on glass found in China, set in an archaeological context, from its earliest occurrence to the Song dynasty. It is set within a broad geographical context taking the terrestrial and maritime Silk Road contacts into account. We discuss chemical and isotopic compositional contrasts in glasses from different periods found in different parts of China, the glasses that were almost certainly made in China and those that were imported. A theme that runs through the paper is the problem of provenancing glass found in China, along with a lack of evidence for primary glass‐making sites and minimal evidence for secondary glass production. We discuss the glass artefacts that are of typical Chinese types and contrast these with imports; the structure reflects this contrast. We discuss potential new scientific and archaeological approaches to Chinese glass.     

The first archaeometric data on polychrome Iron Age glass from sites located in northern Italy

A large sample set of transparent and opaque glass artefacts recovered from Etruscan contexts in northern Italy (Bologna and Spina (FE) necropoleis) and dated to a period between the 6th and 4th century BC are analysed in this paper. Samples of highly decorated beads, spindle whorls and vessels of the ‘Mediterranean Group I’ (Alabastron, Oinochoes, Amphoriskos) were selected in order to determine whether these different glass artefacts were produced at the same manufacturing site. While the vessels almost certainly originate from Greece, the beads could derive from a more ancient local production ascertained at the site of Frattesina (Rovigo, Italy) and dated to the Bronze Age.     

The bronze artifacts from the Yejiashan site and the political presence of the Zhou dynasty in the middle Yangtze Plain: an application of lead isotope analysis

Lead isotope ratios of 15 Chinese bronze artifacts from the Yejiashan site (Suizhou City, Hubei Province) were analyzed and compared with copper ores across China. This study attempts to provide a new perspective to discuss the role that Zeng State played among all the vassal states in the early Zhou dynasty (ca. 1046–977 BC). The political presence of the Zhou dynasty in the middle Yangtze Plain is another main content of this paper. The lead isotopic characteristics of Chinese bronze artifacts between different historical periods are also in the scope of the study. By comparison, the lead isotopic ratios of the tested bronzes and copper deposits in the north Jiangxi Province show numerous overlaps. It indicates that the tested bronzes might have a single ore source, and this source was in the south of the Zhou dynasty. Combined with history and archaeological records, it is highly likely that the middle Yangtze Plain might be a part of the Zhou dynasty since the very beginning. Moreover, Zeng State might have a great influence in the ancient middle Yangtze Plain, and the nobles of Zeng State might even have authority to supervise certain area extending to Jiujiang. As lead isotopes of the bronzes appear to show a clear relation to chronology, the change of lead isotope patterns across times may further serve to distinguish the bronzes of the Western Zhou dynasty from the late Shang ones.     

LA-ICP-MS analysis of Late Bronze Age blue glass beads from Gurob,Egypt

Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis was undertaken on 37 blue glass beads excavated from a tomb in the southern Faiyum region of northern Egypt. The tomb was undisturbed, contained the remains of seven females and two children, and dated between the reigns of Amenhotep I (1525–1504 bce ) and Tuthmosis III (1479–1425 bce ). The glass beads were coloured by copper and the trace element concentrations were compositionally consistent with glasses from Mesopotamia rather than from Egypt. Therefore, these glass beads represent a rare example of Mesopotamian glass to be discovered in Egypt, in addition to being some of the earliest glass found. Gurob is known to have been the site of a ‘harem palace' established in the reign of Tuthmosis III, the implication being that these beads represent luxury items transported to Egypt by high-ranking foreign women, possibly in connection with the harem palace.     

Chemical Analysis of 17th‐century Red Glass Trade Beads from Northeastern North America and Amsterdam

Seventeenth‐century opaque red (redwood) glass trade beads of different shapes and sizes were made of mixed alkali (mainly soda)–lime glasses and were coloured with Cu, presumably as cuprous oxide or as finely dispersed elemental Cu. During the early 17th century, beads of all shapes were opacified with Sn; cored beads, with uncoloured cores and hence lower Cu levels, also tended to have slightly lower Sn contents than uncored beads. By the mid‐17th century, cored tubular beads were being opacified with a combination of Sn and Sb, a technological change similar to that observed in white glass trade beads, while uncored redwood beads appear not to have been opacified with either Sn or Sb. Bead chemistries are sufficiently different to allow them to be sorted into subgroups, which may then be tracked in various archaeological sites and regions.     

中国出土的一批战国古玻璃样品化学成分的检测

对化学成分体系的确定是中国古代玻璃研究中很重要的一个方面,为此,用外束质子激发X荧光技术(PIXE)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析(ICP AES)等方法,对新疆、湖北、河南和重庆等地区出土的一批战国时期的玻璃珠(包含镶嵌玻璃珠)、玻璃璧样品进行了检测。结果表明,战国时期中国境内同时存在PbO BaOSiO2、K2O SiO2、Na2O CaO SiO2三种硅酸盐玻璃,分布的地域范围从中国的新疆东部一直到长江、黄河流域,以及南方的四川、贵州等地区。中国古代的PbO BaO SiO2和K2O SiO2玻璃在技术发展上应该具有密切联系。结合文献资料对这些玻璃的产地等相关问题进行了简要讨论。