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1.
The first part of this paper is a brief critical history of the use of Pb isotopes for inferring the geological provenance of archaeological materials, with an emphasis on non-ferrous metals. The second part examines variation in the Pb isotopic ratios of oxide and sulphide ore minerals in selected regions of the world, and relates these to the geological histories of ore formation in each region. This exercise shows that in regions where most ore deposits are of similar geological age—as in the Andes, Europe and the circum-Mediterranean—provenance analysis with Pb isotopes is inherently difficult because geographically distant sources often exhibit similar isotopic ratios. Conversely, regions with many periods of ore formation—such as southern Africa—appear to be very promising regions for future studies of provenance with Pb isotopes. The wider implication of this exploratory survey is that archaeologists should carefully consider the range and clustering of geological Pb isotopic ratios in their regions of interest before investing large sums of money into Pb isotopic analysis of artefacts. 相似文献
2.
对于二里头文化的性质问题,学术界已进行了数十年的讨论,然而直到目前,共识却仍未能达成。本文首次从青铜器铅同位素比值分析入手,对二里头文化的性质问题予以探讨。经过对偃师二里头、郑州二里岗、黄陂盘龙城、安阳殷墟等遗址出土青铜器的铅同位素比值数据的分析与讨论,我们支持二里头文化一至三期属夏文化、第四期遗存则已进入了商代纪年的观点。 相似文献
3.
从诸多融合型青铜器产生的文化背景来看,融合型青铜器是由某种考古学文化族群将其自身的土著文化因素与外来的文化因素杂糅、结合而创造出的一种新型器物,不能把融合型青铜器的形制和纹饰特征截然割裂开来。融合型青铜器在某一考古学文化分布范围内的出土频率是判断其文化归属的重要依据之一,至于那些分布在中原青铜文化区边缘地带且文化因素十分复杂的无陶铜器墓,其地方特色浓郁的青铜器以及葬制、葬俗是判断其考古学文化归属的重要因素。 相似文献
4.
S. Liu K. L. Chen Th. Rehren J. J. Mei J. L. Chen Y. Liu D. Killick 《Archaeometry》2018,60(1):105-117
The origins of the copper, tin and lead for China's rich Bronze Age cultures are a major topic in archaeological research, with significant contributions being made by archaeological fieldwork, archaeometallurgical investigations and geochemical considerations. Here, we investigate a recent claim that the greater part of the Shang‐period metalwork was made using metals from Africa, imported together with the necessary know‐how to produce tin bronze. A brief review of the current status of lead isotopic study on Shang‐period bronze artefacts is provided first, clarifying a few key issues involved in this discussion. It is then shown that there is no archaeological or isotopic basis for bulk metal transfer between Africa and China during the Shang period, and that the copper and lead in Shang bronze with a strongly radiogenic signature is not likely to be from Africa. We call for collaborative interdisciplinary research to address the vexing question of the Shang period's metal sources, focusing on smelting sites in geologically defined potential source regions and casting workshops identified at a number of Shang settlements. 相似文献
5.
中原地区虽然从新石器时代就零星地发现青铜器残片,但青铜文化真正兴起则到了公元前2千纪的前半叶,中国北方早期青铜文化发生的时代晚于中原地区。相比之下,新疆地区则在公元前3千纪末开始,就出现了发达青铜器群;甘青地区青铜器群出现的年代也早于中原地区和中国北方地区。新的发现与研究表明,中国早期青铜器有从西北向中原内地和中国北方地区传播的趋势。这些发现大大拓宽了中国早期青铜器起源与传播研究的视野。 相似文献
6.
Jonathan R. Wood 《Archaeometry》2023,65(3):570-586
Although the birth of Classical Greece is often attributed to the constitutional reforms of Cleisthenes (508/507 BCE), the achievement of an economically minded government under the Peisistratid tyrant Hippias (527–510 BCE) potentially paved the way by advancing Athenian silver for exportation in international trade. It is proposed here that new silver technology, which initiated the transition from acquiring silver from ‘dry’ silver ores to silver-bearing lead ores, was introduced to Greece during the time of the Peisistratids (561–510 BCE). Massive exploitation of silver-bearing lead ores at Laurion in Attica, which later financed the construction of a war navy, appears evident in the lead pollution records of Greenland ice, lead isotopic analyses of sixth-century BCE Attic silver coins and late Iron Age Levantine hacksilver, and is reflected in the numbers of lead votive figurines at sanctuaries in Sparta. Against the backdrop of the threat of war with Persia and an imminent Spartan invasion which resulted in the overthrow of Hippias (510 BCE), it is considered that a political transition occurred because Greece was both geologically and politically disposed to adopt this labour-intensive silver technology which helped to initiate, fund and protect the radical social experiment that became known as Classical Greece. 相似文献
7.
P. D'Imporzano K. Keune J. M. Koornneef E. Hermens P. Noble K. van Zuilen G. R. Davies 《Archaeometry》2020,62(4):796-809
A micro-invasive technique is presented that enables pigment sampling from individual layers of a painting cross-section by obtaining a furrow 10–50 μm wide of chosen length. Combined with increased sensitivity of lead (Pb) isotope analysis using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) equipped with a 1013 Ω resistor or a Pb double-spike technique, the amount of Pb needed for isotopic analysis is drastically reduced, while maintaining a relative 2 SD precision for 206Pb/204Pb of < 0.02%. The methodology proved able to characterize Pb isotope differences within paint layers. 相似文献
8.
The polychrome glazes from the Processional Way and the Ishtar Gate of Babylon are among the best preserved from antiquity. Yet, little is known about the logistical choices involved in their production. Variations in isotope ratios can be useful for complementing an archaeological investigation of potential geological sources of raw materials. Consistent with archaeological evidence and ancient texts on trade in metals, Turkish ore deposits are thus tentatively proposed as possible sources of the metal oxide colorants used for the investigated polychrome glazes of three Neo‐Babylonian faunal reliefs that are now part of the collection of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. 相似文献
9.
S. R. Liu K. L. Chen Th. Rehren J. J. Mei J. L. Chen Y. Liu D. Killick 《Archaeometry》2018,60(5):1040-1044
In this brief response to Sun et al.’s ( 2018 ) comments on our paper, we re‐emphasize that archaeological, chemical and isotopic evidence are all relevant to the discussion about the metal source of the Shang period with highly radiogenic lead isotope ratios. The southern African bronzes have much lower lead contents and quite different lead isotopic signatures than the Shang bronzes. More importantly, there was no metallurgy of any kind in southern Africa before c.200 ce , so southern Africa cannot possibly be the source of Shang bronze, which date to about 1500 to 1000 bce . 相似文献
10.
Heavy stable isotope analysis of mid-late Holocene Neolithic burials from Sarawak (Malaysia) identifies groups not apparent in mortuary treatment or inferred subsistence. Isotope ratios of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb) from adult tooth enamel show distinct groups at Niah Cave's West Mouth organized by dietary catchment. Two roughly contemporary sites, Gua Sireh and Lobang Angin, are included to assess regional heterogeneity in northern Borneo. Heavy stable isotope ratios for humans differ from sampled modern plants and archaeological fauna from West Mouth, and suggest a non-local origin for some of the West Mouth human remains. Distinct heavy isotope ratios characterize all three sites and show regional differentiation broadly consistent with geological expectations. Results supplement paleodiet and morphological analyses and have implications for clarifying Niah Cave mortuary use during the mid-late Holocene. Further and more precise geographic placement will follow through additional landscape sampling for strontium and lead isotope values. 相似文献
11.
对商代武丁以前的青铜器铭文的探讨是学界所关注的一个问题。本文对以往学者所辨析出的部分商代中期有铭青铜器的年代与铭文性质进行讨论。提出其中一些青铜器的年代当属商代晚期,一些所谓的铜器铭文实际上是花纹。同时,根据近年来新刊布的材料新增若干商代中期有铭文的青铜器。并参照同时期其他质料器上的文字,讨论了商代中期青铜器铭文的特点。 相似文献
12.
盘龙城商代青铜容器的初步考察 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本对盘龙城青铜容器提出了一些看法。章对青铜器的一些特征进行了分析,对兽面纹的演变作出了轮廓形描述,并强调了铸造工艺对于器形特征的影响,如加厚容器唇部、鼎鬲的一足对一耳的特征皆出于工艺的需要。认为盘龙城铜器已经在器形、纹饰及铸造方面存在一些与郑州青铜器不同的因素,它们为殷墟化时期长江中游地区青铜明的发展打下了基础。 相似文献
13.
We report here the rediscovery of the chemical analyses of approximately 540 Chinese bronze objects, carried out in RLAHA in the late 1950s by optical emission spectrometry. Although largely of historical interest, they do in fact even now approximately double the number analyses of Chinese bronze objects that contain data on both major and minor elements. In fact, the other major equivalent data sets, from the Freer Gallery and the Sackler Collection, are of approximately the same vintage. We attempt to evaluate the quality of the data, and address a controversy that appeared in the literature during the 1960s and 1970s about the value of arsenic measurements in Chinese bronzes as an indicator of authenticity. 相似文献
14.
商代青铜器的圈足部位常常可见一些孔洞,这些孔洞的形成与泥芯撑的设置有关。泥芯撑是使用复合范铸造青铜器时非常重要的技术手段,用于范和芯之间的定位和保持壁厚,避免盲芯成为"悬芯"。这一技术看似简单,却有其重要的工艺价值,其本身的技术演进路径与青铜器铸型技术的发展密切相关。本文试图梳理从二里头到晚商时期各类青铜器使用泥芯撑技术的概况,丰富对商代青铜器铸造工艺的整体认识。 相似文献
15.
石鼓山周墓出土较多青铜器铭文,整理金文资料时观察到铭文形制有别,经过分析注意到其差别是因铸作工艺不同所致。直接刻于范上所铸铭文即一般所说之阳文,属于范刻工艺。而阴文则是刻于模芯翻范后再铸。但晚商及西周早期多在修范时会加工字形,就是在字划贴塑泥条致笔画加粗而轮廓清晰,往往有肥笔现象则属"芯塑"工艺,不加泥条修范的文字笔画僵硬,属于模刻工艺。三类工艺技术的运用,以范刻最早可至中商,且一直可见;芯塑流行于晚商到西周早期;模刻也见于晚商及西周早期但较少,西周中期以后至春秋一直流行。 相似文献
16.
17.
青铜器饕餮纹研究述评 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
饕餮纹是商周青铜器上最为常见的纹样,具有鲜明的宗教文化特征。近百年来,学术界从不同的角度对其进行了较为全面的研究,成果与结论甚众。这些论述在一定意义上都有着其自圆其说的合理性,但从整体上考察却都不完善,或是臆断的因素较多,值得我们加以深入研究,以期得出更为合理而全面的结论。本文从名实、源流、型式及内涵等几个层面对前人的研究成果进行了系统地梳理与分析,并试图对其学术价值进行一种历史地评判,以期为后继研究提供参考与借鉴。 相似文献
18.
This paper explores the possible provenance of ores employed for metallurgical production during the Early Bronze Age in the central Hexi Corridor of north-west China. In total, 78 pieces of copper (Cu) ore samples were collected from five Early Bronze Age sites and one Cu deposit site (the Beishantang Cu deposit) in the Heihe River region of the central corridor. These sites were dated to the late Machang (4100–4000 bp ), Xichengyi (4000–3700 bp ), Qijia (4000–3600 bp ) and Siba (3700–3400 bp ) cultures. After comparing with published lead (Pb) isotopic data from other possible Cu deposits in north-west China, the results show that the Cu ores collected from the Early Bronze Age sites were most likely derived from the adjacent Beishan Cu deposit. More intriguingly, for the first time in Hexi Corridor, a dozen Cu ores were discovered containing highly radiogenic Pb. Though fundamentally different from those in the Central Plains, they illustrate a possible new type of Cu used in Bronze Age western China, and the first-hand materials are significant for further understanding the provenance of raw metals for metallurgical production in the prehistoric Hexi Corridor. 相似文献
19.
济南大辛庄遗址M139为2010年重要的新考古发现,该墓葬以其高等级、较多青铜器出土在商文化的周边地区,具有多方面的意义。本文指出M139出土的青铜器具有典型商文化特征,但这些青铜器同时表现出年代滞后的特质,即多数青铜器年代属于殷墟文化时期,却又具有若干较早的二里冈文化时期特征。这种特质说明M139青铜器属于商文化体系内本地独立生产的青铜器。 相似文献
20.
南阳市近年出土了4件有铭青铜器,据相关资料,断定其年代应为春秋晚期。这批青铜器的出土为研究养国、许国特别是楚国的历史、文化、艺术以及楚文化对中原文化的影响等提供了重要的实物资料。 相似文献