“秘色瓷”诸相关问题探讨

我国的青瓷创烧于东汉,到唐代形成了“南青北白”的瓷业格局,而以浙江慈溪市上林湖窑场为中心的唐宋越窑,则成为南方青瓷的代表。建国以来,文物考古部门多次对上林湖青瓷窑址进行考古调查,采集了大量的瓷片、窑具等实物标本,为揭示上林湖青瓷窑址的产品特征,开展对越窑有关问题的研究,积累了大量的实物资料。现根据考古资料及文献记载就“秘色瓷”与上林湖越窑、“贡窑”与“贡瓷”、“贡窑”与上林湖越窑等相关问题作粗浅的探讨。     

北宋中期越窑瓷业技术传播及相关问题研究——兼论核心区越窑瓷业衰落原因

北宋中期,以浙江慈溪上林湖为中心的越窑瓷业核心区窑址数量急剧减少,窑场规模缩小。与之相对,浙江其他地区却发现了大量这一时期的窑业遗存。研究显示,限于多方面因素的制约,北宋中期以上林湖为中心的越窑核心产区不再适宜大规模的瓷业生产,而这直接迫使制瓷工匠作出选择,或许其中一部分工匠开始另辟他地继续从事窑业生产,从而在浙江范围内出现了众多这一时期的窑址。此外,在瓷业技术的传入过程中,制瓷工匠也结合当地的自然和社会环境,在继承的基础上进行了自我创新。     

秘色瓷新考

“秘色瓷”的名称反映了窑工追求“千峰翠色”的艰难过程,其产品是上林湖地区贡窑的杰出代表,它的出现改变了全国制瓷业的面貌。     

上林湖越窑瓷器前剂量测定年代中的热激活特性(TAC)研究

利用热释光前剂量技术方法测定瓷器年代,须对瓷器样品进行热激活特性测试,以得到一个最高的测量灵敏度,来提高测定年代的精确度。为此,对慈溪上林湖及周邻地区的狗颈山、低岭头、开刀山、瓦片涯、大路口和寺龙口六处唐、五代与北宋古瓷窑遗址的60件瓷器样品进行热释光年代测量前,进行了热激活特性测定研究。结果表明,上林湖地区的越窑瓷器样品具有非常高的热释光灵敏度,以及比较一致的热激活特性及温度。其中样品的最高热激活温度为700℃,最低热激活温度为64℃,平均激活温度为658℃。在应用前剂量技术测定慈溪上林湖及周邻地区的越窑瓷器样品年代时,采用正确的热激活温度都可以得到一个相对比较准确、可靠的年代结果。     

超前推进的上林湖文保工作

<正>上林湖的文物保护工作起步非常早。上林湖越窑遗址早在1963年就经由浙江省人民政府批准,公布为省级重点文物保护单位。为了加强遗址的保护和管理,慈溪市政府于1987年批准建立了上林湖文保所,作为上林湖越窑遗址保护管理的常设机构。当时对于遗址的威胁,主要是人们挖沙、建坟,也有一些盗掘现象发生。建坟会破坏环境,挖沙会破坏窑址,所以当时市政府发布通告,明令禁     

越窑秘色瓷匣钵装烧工艺的实验考古学研究

上林湖越窑在晚唐、五代时期烧制出了釉色青灰、色泽莹润的秘色瓷,迎来了越窑瓷业的巅峰。以上林湖后司岙越窑遗址出土唐、五代秘色瓷和普通青瓷科技分析数据为基础,采用当地沉积黏土、草木灰等为主要原料开展了秘色瓷的工艺模拟实验研究,重点对比了不同类型匣钵和装烧方式对模拟烧制青瓷釉的影响。此外,通过色度分析仪及光电子能谱仪等对模拟烧制青瓷釉色度和着色物质铁的价态进行测试,探讨了瓷质匣钵口沿封釉装烧秘色青瓷的作用和机理。越窑青瓷实验考古中,对七件青瓷样品进行了光电子能谱分析,结果显示,采用瓷质匣钵口沿封釉装烧青瓷釉的Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺比值为2.8,远大于普通匣钵内青瓷釉的0.57。结合考古实地调查研究,可以推断这是越窑秘色瓷呈色不同于普通青瓷的主要原因。     

余姚上林湖水库墓葬发掘简报

1957年11月间,上林湖建造水库时,本会派员前往配合上林湖水库工程,清理了墓葬九座。上林湖在余姚县城东南约三十公里处的桥头乡,四面群山环抱,是一个天然大湖,水上交通十分便利。这次清理的墓葬群,就在上林湖北端的西北岸山坡上,由于长期被雨水冲蚀,一端墓砖已隐隐露出,土层甚浅,一般约0.5——1米深。现报导如下。     

当青瓷遇上海丝 关于上林湖越窑遗址申报世界文化遗产的思考

<正>上林湖越窑遗址于2006年列入《中国世界文化遗产预备名单》,名为"中国古瓷窑址:上林湖越窑遗址;2012年扩展为包含大窑龙泉窑的"中国青瓷窗遗址",2016年,被纳入"海上丝绸之路·中国史迹"申报遗产的组成部分。上林湖越窑遗址位于浙江省慈溪市南部丘陵山区,北距杭州湾21千米,东南距宁     

唐光启三年瓷质罐形墓志及相关问题讨论

浙江省博物馆藏有1件唐光启三年（公元887年）越窑罐形墓志（见图）。该器1979年出土于慈溪县上林湖。口径9.7、高19.4厘米,通体施青黄釉,釉面匀净,光泽好。这类罐形墓志常见于唐、五代的上林湖窑场,当地古墓中已出多件,如唐咸通七年（公元867年）罐形墓志和梁龙德二年（公元922年）罐形墓志（两件均藏浙江省博物馆）。其制法是:先拉坯胎,然后在素胎瓷罐上刻墓志铭,再施青釉。烧成后随葬于主人墓中。这类墓志对我们了解当时、当地的社会习俗、地理环境及当地居民的家族渊源颇有帮助。特别是对研究当时陶瓷业的发展情况有重要价值。本文就此罐形墓志记载的有关越窑发展的若干问题作一探讨。     

瓯江薪火留蜀川

<正>龙泉窑是继越窑、耀州窑、汝窑、南宋官窑之后青瓷生产的又一高峰,是青瓷生产发展到后期的杰出代表。晚唐、五代时期,龙泉、庆元等地的窑业生产开始形成规模,并且渐成体系,成为龙泉青瓷生产的发端。两宋之际动乱,北方制瓷业中一些重要工艺技术传播到南方。其中,胎釉配方的改进和厚釉工艺对龙泉窑制瓷业的发展起到了重要作用。北宋后期,龙泉窑发展成为具有举足     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

以上海为例看晚清时期社会生活方式及观念的变迁

晚清时期,上海的商业化、城市化生活环境变化,引起了人们生活方式的变动,出现了如洋货流行、从商之风、尊卑失序、女子走上社会、追求享乐等新社会风尚,导致传统伦理衰坏,同时也孕育产生了近代市场意识、近代工商观念、社会平等观念、功利主义及肯定人欲、自由的近代伦理观念。反映出生活方式的变动是引起近代生活伦理观念变迁的中介和启动力量。     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

20世纪90年代上海产业布局的发展变化

20世纪90年代,着眼于城市功能的重新定位,按照"三、二、一"产业发展新思路,上海的产业布局进行了重大的战略调整,逐步形成了中心城以三产为主、郊区以二产为主的大都市产业布局架构。在各类工业区建设的基础上,上海又突出发展形成了"东南西北"四大产业基地。由此,上海产业布局呈现出一个明显特征,就是第二产业立足于城市功能重塑、提高工业产业的竞争力,通过加强对重大产业项目的"政策聚焦",确立了空间发展的内环整合战略和"东西南北"发展战略,依托都市工业园区和城郊工业区,大大提高了产业聚集度。     

Changes in human bones boiled in seawater

The differences between boiled or unboiled bones are not often studied. However, they are crucial to understand postmortem rituals and to establish defleshing procedures and mortuary practices. In this work, human bones boiled in sea or fresh water are characterized. The bone composition, as well as the compounds present in the resulting materials, shows that salt alters the boiling process mechanism. Hence, from structural and morphological criteria, it is possible to distinguish if a bone has been boiled in salt or fresh water. In both sets of samples, the smoothness of the bone surface depends on boiling time, but only in bones boiled in seawater, filaments are observed apparently pouring out of the pores.Those differences which are mainly morphological (smoothness of the surface) are explained in terms of a collagen diffusional mechanism favored by sodium and chloride ions. For a boiling time of 6 h, the surface is covered by a thick layer or crusts of degraded collagen. Experiments with seawater may be used as model experiments to simulate taphonomical alterations in bones exposed to salt water.     

Women in parliaments in the Pacific region

The island states of the Pacific region are at the bottom of the international league table for the representation of women in parliament. Despite considerable efforts by international agencies and donor governments and by women of the region, progress on increasing representation is extraordinarily slow. Three major explanations for these low levels of representation can be identified. The most common explanation relates to cultural beliefs, while a second account locates the problem in women's socio-economic status. The third explanation argues that there are obstacles for women in the electoral and parliamentary institutions that warrant the introduction of legislated minimum representation of women. Each of these explanations contributes value to our understanding but each also has significant deficiencies, which are identified in the article.

就议会的妇女代表性而论,太平洋地区的岛屿国家可谓国际圆桌会议的垫底。尽管有国际机构和捐助国以及该地区女性的坚持不懈,提高妇女代表性的进展格外缓慢。对于这种低水平的代表性可以有三种解释。最常见的解释与文化观念有关,第二种强调妇女的社会经济地位。第三种解释认为,选举以及议会体制中存在一些障碍,使得妇女的代表性在立法上被最小化。三种解释都有助于我们对问题的理解,但它们又都存在着本文所指出的重要缺陷。     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的